Landowners in the poem " Dead Souls"Gogol
The author called “Dead Souls” a poem and thereby emphasized the significance of his creation. The poem is a lyric-epic work of significant volume, distinguished by its depth of content and wide coverage of events. This definition (poem) is still controversial.
With the publication of Gogol's satirical works, the critical direction in Russian realistic literature is strengthened. Gogol's realism to a greater extent is full of accusatory, flagellating force - this distinguishes him from his predecessors and contemporaries. Gogol's artistic method was called critical realism. What is new with Gogol is the sharpening of the main character traits of the hero; hyperbole becomes the writer’s favorite technique - an exorbitant exaggeration that enhances the impression. Gogol found that the plot of “Dead Souls,” suggested by Pushkin, was good because it gave complete freedom to travel all over Russia with the hero and create many different characters.
According to Herzen, Gogol turned “to to the local nobility and exposed this unknown people, who kept behind the scenes away from the roads and big cities. Thanks to Gogol, we finally saw them... without masks, without embellishment.”
The author arranged the chapters about landowners, to whom more than half of the first volume is devoted, in a strictly thought-out order: the wasteful dreamer Manilov is replaced by the thrifty Korobochka; she is opposed by the ruined landowner, the rascal Nozdryov; then again a turn to the economic landowner-kulak Sobakevich; The gallery of serf owners is closed by the miser Plyushkin, who embodies the extreme degree of decline of the landowner class.
Reading “Dead Souls”, we notice that the writer repeats the same techniques in depicting landowners: he gives a description of the village, the manor house, appearance landowner. The following is a story about how certain people reacted to Chichikov’s proposal to sell dead souls. Then Chichikov’s attitude towards each of the landowners is depicted and a scene of the purchase and sale of dead souls appears. This coincidence is not accidental. A monotonous closed circle of techniques allowed the artist to flaunt conservatism, the backwardness of provincial life, the isolation and limitations of the landowners, and to emphasize stagnation and dying.
We learn about the “very courteous and courteous landowner Manilov” in the first chapter, where the author depicts his appearance, especially his eyes - as sweet as sugar. The new acquaintance was crazy about Chichikov, “she shook his hand for a long time and asked him convincingly to honor him by coming to the village.” While looking for Manilovka, Chichikov confused the name and asked the men about the village of Zamanilovka. The writer plays on this word: “The village of Manilovka could not lure many with its location.” And then it starts detailed description landowner's estate. “The manor’s house stood alone on the south... open to all the winds...” On the slope of the mountain “two or three flower beds with lilac and yellow acacia bushes were scattered in English style; ...a gazebo with a flat green dome, wooden blue columns and the inscription “Temple of Solitary Reflection”, lower down a pond covered with greenery...” And finally, the “gray log huts” of the men. The owner himself looks behind all this - the Russian landowner, nobleman Manilov. Unmanaged, the house was poorly constructed, with pretensions to European fashion, but lacking elementary taste. This landowner has more than two hundred peasant huts.
The dullness of the appearance of the Manilov estate is complemented by landscape sketch: darkening to the side with a “dull bluish color” Pine forest” and a completely uncertain day: “either clear, or gloomy, but some kind of light gray color.” Dreary, bare, colorless. Gogol exhaustively revealed that such a Manilovka could lure few people.
Gogol completes the portrait of Manilov in an ironic manner: “his facial features were not devoid of pleasantness.” But this pleasantness seemed to have “too much sugar in it.” Sugar is a detail indicating sweetness. And then a devastating description of the author himself: “There is a kind of people known by the name: so-so people, neither this nor that, neither in the city of Bogdan, nor in the village of Selifan.”
Manilov lacks economic savvy. “When the clerk said: “It would be nice, master, to do this and that,” “Yes, not bad,” he usually answered.” Manilov did not manage the farm, did not know his peasants well, and everything was falling into disrepair, but he dreamed of an underground passage, of a stone bridge across a pond, which two women forded, and with trading shops on both sides of it.
The writer's gaze penetrates Manilov's house, where the same disorder and lack of taste reigned. Some rooms were unfurnished; two armchairs in the owner's office were covered with matting. In the office there were piles of ash on the windowsill, a book that had been open on page 14 for two years - the only evidence about the owner’s work in the office.
Mrs. Manilova is worthy of her husband. Her life is devoted to sweet lisping, bourgeois surprises (a beaded toothpick case), languid long kisses, and housekeeping is a low occupation for her. “Manilova is so well brought up,” Gogol quips.
Manilov’s character is expressed in a special manner of speaking, in a storm of words, in the use of the most delicate turns of phrase: let me not allow this, no, excuse me, I will not allow such a pleasant and educated guest to pass behind. Manilov’s beautiful spirit and his ignorance of people are revealed in his assessment of city officials as “most respectable and most amiable” people. Step by step, Gogol inexorably exposes the vulgarity of a vulgar person, irony is constantly replaced by satire: “There is Russian cabbage soup on the table, but from the heart,” the children, Alcides and Themistoclus, are named after ancient Greek commanders as a sign of the education of their parents.
During a conversation about the sale of dead souls, it turned out that many peasants had already died (probably they had a hard time living with Manilov). At first, Manilov cannot understand the essence of Chichikov’s idea. “He felt that he needed to do something, to propose a question, and what question - the devil knows. He finally ended by blowing out smoke again, but not through his mouth, but through his nasal nostrils.” Manilov shows “concern for the future views of Russia.” The writer characterizes him as an empty phrase-monger: where does he care about Russia if he cannot restore order in his own household.
Chichikov easily manages to convince his friend of the legality of the deal, and Manilov, as an impractical and unbusinesslike landowner, gives Chichikov dead shower and bears the cost of preparing the bill of sale.
Manilov is tearfully complacent, devoid of living thoughts and real feelings. He himself is a “dead soul”, doomed to destruction just like the entire autocratic-serf system of Russia. Manilovs are harmful and socially dangerous. What are the consequences for economic development countries can be expected from Manila management!
The landowner Korobochka is thrifty, “gains a little money little by little,” lives secluded in her estate, as if in a box, and her homeliness over time develops into hoarding. Narrow-mindedness and stupidity complete the character of the “club-headed” landowner, who is distrustful of everything new in life. The qualities inherent in Korobochka are typical not only among the provincial nobility.
Following Korobochka in Gogol's gallery of freaks is Nozdryov. Unlike Manilov, he is restless, nimble, lively, but his energy is wasted on trifles in a cheating card game, in petty dirty tricks lies. With irony, Gogol calls him “in some respects a historical person, because wherever Nozdryov was, there were stories,” that is, without a scandal. The author gives him what he deserves through the mouth of Chichikov: “Nozdryov is a man of rubbish!” He squandered everything, abandoned his estate and settled at the fair in a gaming house. Emphasizing the vitality of the Nozdrevs in Russian reality, Gogol exclaims: “Nozdrev will not be removed from the world for a long time.”
The hoarding characteristic of Korobochka turned into genuine kulaks among the practical landowner Sobakevich. He looks at serfs only as labor and, even though he had built huts for the peasants that were amazingly cut down, he would rip off three of their skins. He transferred some peasants to the monetary-tire system, which was beneficial to the landowner. The image of Sobakevich was created in Gogol’s favorite hyperbolic manner. His portrait, in which the comparison with a bear is given, the situation in the house, the harshness of his reviews, his behavior at dinner - everything emphasizes the animal essence of the landowner.
Sobakevich quickly saw through Chichikov’s idea, realized the benefits and charged a hundred rubles per head. The tight-fisted landowner sold off the dead souls for his own benefit, and even deceived Chichikov by slipping him one female person. “Fist, fist, and a beast to boot!” - this is how Chichikov characterizes him. Sobakevich adapts to capitalist living conditions.
Seeing Plyushkin for the first time, Chichikov “for a long time could not recognize what gender the figure was: a woman or a man. The dress she was wearing was completely indefinite, very similar to a woman’s hood, on her head was a cap worn by village courtyard women, only her voice seemed somewhat hoarse for a woman: “Oh woman! - he thought to himself and immediately added: “Oh no!” “Of course, woman!” It could never have occurred to Chichikov that he was a Russian gentleman, a landowner, the owner of serf souls. The passion for accumulation disfigured Plyushkin beyond recognition; he saves only for the sake of hoarding... He starved the peasants, and they are “dying like flies” (80 souls in three years). He himself lives from hand to mouth and dresses like a beggar. (According to Gogol’s apt words, Plyushkin has turned into some kind of hole in humanity.) In the era of growing monetary relations, Plyushkin’s household is run in the old fashioned way, based on corvee labor, the owner collects food and things, senselessly accumulates for the sake of accumulation. He ruined the peasants, ruining them with backbreaking work. Plyushkin saved, and everything he collected rotted, everything turned into “pure manure*. Theft people's labor the author exposes in the chapter about Plyushkin even more forcefully than in the chapter about Nozdryov. A landowner like Plyushkin cannot be the support of the state and move its economy and culture forward. And the writer sadly exclaims: “And a person could condescend to such insignificance, pettiness, and disgustingness! Could have changed so much! And does this seem true? Everything seems to be true, anything can happen to a person.”
Gogol endowed each landowner with original, specific features. Whatever the hero, he is a unique personality. But at the same time, his heroes retain their ancestral, social signs: short cultural level, lack of intellectual demands, desire for enrichment, cruelty in treatment of serfs, moral uncleanliness, lack of elementary concept about patriotism. These moral monsters, as Gogol shows, are generated by feudal reality and reveal the essence of feudal relations based on the oppression and exploitation of the peasantry.
Gogol's work stunned, first of all, the ruling circles and landowners. Ideological defenders of serfdom argued that the nobility best part population of Russia, passionate patriots, support of the state. Gogol dispelled this myth with images of landowners. Herzen said that the landowners “pass before us without masks, without embellishment, flatterers and gluttons, obsequious slaves of power and ruthless tyrants of their enemies, drinking the life and blood of the people... “Dead Souls” shocked all of Russia.”
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Poem by N.V. Gogol “Dead Souls” - greatest work world literature. In the death of the souls of the characters - landowners, officials, Chichikov - the writer sees the tragic death of humanity, the sad movement of history in a vicious circle.
The plot of “Dead Souls” (the sequence of Chichikov’s meetings with landowners) reflects Gogol’s ideas about the possible degrees of human degradation. “My heroes follow one after another, one more vulgar than the other,” the writer noted. In fact, if Manilov still retains some attractiveness, then Plyushkin, who closes the gallery of feudal landowners, has already been openly called “a hole in humanity.”
Creating the images of Manilov, Korobochka, Nozdryov, Sobakevich, Plyushkin, the writer resorts to general techniques realistic typification (image of a village, a manor house, a portrait of the owner, an office, a conversation about city officials and dead souls). If necessary, a biography of the character is also given.
The image of Manilov captures the type of idle, dreamer, “romantic” slacker. The landowner's economy is in complete decline. “The master’s house stood on the south, that is, on a hill, open to all the winds that might blow...” The housekeeper steals, “it cooks stupidly and uselessly in the kitchen,” “the pantry is empty,” “the servants are unclean and drunkards.” . Meanwhile, a “gazebo with a flat green dome, wooden blue columns and the inscription: “Temple of Solitary Reflection” was erected. Manilov's dreams are absurd and absurd. “Sometimes... he talked about how nice it would be if suddenly an underground passage was built from the house or a stone bridge was built across the pond...” Gogol shows that Manilov is vulgar and empty, he has no real spiritual interests. “In his office there was always some kind of book, bookmarked on page fourteen, which he had been constantly reading for two years.” vulgarity family life(relationships with his wife, education of Alcides and Themistoclus), the sugary sweetness of speech (“May Day”, “name day of the heart”) confirm insight portrait characteristics character. “In the first minute of conversation with him, you can’t help but say: “What a pleasant and kind person!” In the next minute of the conversation you won’t say anything, and in the third you’ll say: “The devil knows what it is!” - and move away; If you don’t leave, you will feel mortal boredom.” Gogol with amazing artistic power shows the deadness of Manilov, the worthlessness of his life. Behind the external attractiveness lies a spiritual emptiness.
The image of the hoarder Korobochka is already devoid of those “attractive” features that distinguish Manilov. And again we have a type in front of us - “one of those mothers, small landowners who... little by little collect money into colorful bags placed in dresser drawers.” Korobochka's interests are entirely concentrated on farming. “Strong-browed” and “club-headed” Nastasya Petrovna is afraid to sell herself off by selling “dead souls” to Chichikov. The “silent scene” that appears in this chapter is curious. We find similar scenes in almost all chapters showing the conclusion of Chichikov’s deal with another landowner. This is a special artistic device, a kind of temporary stop of action, which allows us to show with particular prominence the spiritual emptiness of Pavel Ivanovich and his interlocutors. At the end of the third chapter, Gogol talks about the typicality of the image of Korobochka, about the insignificant difference between her and another aristocratic lady.
Nozdryov continues the gallery of dead souls in the poem. Like other landowners, he is internally empty, age does not concern him: “Nozdryov at thirty-five years old was exactly the same as he was at eighteen and twenty: a lover of a walk.” The portrait of a dashing reveler is satirical and sarcastic at the same time. “He was of average height, a very well-built fellow with full rosy cheeks... Health seemed to be dripping from his face.” However, Chichikov notices that one of Nozdryov’s sideburns was smaller and not as thick as the other (the result of another fight). Passion for lies and card game largely explains the fact that not a single meeting where Nozdryov was present was complete without “history.” The life of a landowner is absolutely soulless. In the office “there were no visible traces of what happens in offices, that is, books or paper; only a saber and two guns were hanging...” Of course, Nozdryov’s farm was ruined. Even lunch consists of dishes that are burnt or, on the contrary, not cooked.
Chichikov's attempt to buy dead souls from Nozdryov is a fatal mistake. It is Nozdryov who spills the secret at the governor’s ball. The arrival of Korobochka in the city, who wanted to find out “how much dead souls walk for,” confirms the words of the dashing “talker.”
The image of Nozdryov is no less typical than the image of Manilov or Korobochka. Gogol writes: “Nozdryov will not be removed from the world for a long time. He is everywhere between us and, perhaps, only wears a different caftan; but people are frivolously undiscerning, and a person in a different caftan seems to them a different person.”
The typification techniques listed above are also used by Gogol for the artistic perception of the image of Sobakevich. Descriptions of the village and the landowner's economy indicate a certain wealth. “The yard was surrounded by a strong and excessively thick wooden lattice. The landowner seemed to be concerned a lot about strength... The village huts of the peasants were also cut down amazingly... everything was fitted tightly and properly.”
Describing Sobakevich’s appearance, Gogol resorts to zoological comparison: he compares the landowner with a bear. Sobakevich is a glutton. In his judgments about food, he rises to a kind of “gastronomic” pathos: “When I have pork, put the whole pig on the table, lamb, bring the whole lamb, goose, the whole goose!” However, Sobakevich (in this he differs from Plyushkin and most other landowners) has a certain economic streak: he does not ruin his own serfs, achieves a certain order in the economy, sells profitably Chichikov is dead souls, knows very well the business and human qualities of his peasants.
The extreme degree of human degradation was captured by Gogol in the image of the richest landowner in the province (more than a thousand serfs) Plyushkin. The character's biography allows us to trace the path from a “thrifty” owner to a half-crazed miser. “But there was a time when he... was married and a family man, and a neighbor stopped by for dinner... two pretty daughters came out to meet him... his son ran out... The owner himself came to the table in a frock coat... But kind the owner died, some of the keys, and with them minor worries, passed to him. Plyushkin became more restless and, like all widowers, more suspicious and stingy.” Soon the family completely breaks up, and unprecedented pettiness and suspicion develop in Plyushkin. “... He himself finally turned into some kind of hole in humanity.” So, it was not social conditions that led the landowner to the last point of moral decline. Before us is a tragedy (precisely a tragedy!) of loneliness, developing into a nightmare picture of lonely old age.
In the village of Plyushkina, Chichikov notices “some kind of special disrepair.” Entering the house, Chichikov sees a strange pile of furniture and some kind of street trash. Plyushkin lives worse than “the last shepherd of Sobakevich,” although he is not poor. Gogol’s words sound warningly: “And to what insignificance, pettiness, and disgust a person could descend! He could have changed so much!.. Anything can happen to a person.”
Thus, the landowners in “Dead Souls” are united by common features: idleness, vulgarity, spiritual emptiness. However, Gogol would not have been a great writer if he had limited himself to only a “social” explanation of the reasons for the spiritual failure of his characters. He really creates “typical characters in typical circumstances,” but “circumstances” can also lie in the conditions of a person’s inner, mental life. I repeat that Plyushkin’s fall is not directly related to his position as a landowner. Can't the loss of a family break even the most strong man, representative of any class or estate?! In a word, Gogol’s realism also includes the deepest psychologism. This is what makes the poem interesting to the modern reader.
The world of dead souls is contrasted in the work with an ineradicable faith in the “mysterious” Russian people, in their inexhaustible moral potential. At the end of the poem, the image of an endless road and a trio of birds rushing forward appears. In its indomitable movement the writer sees the great destiny of Russia, spiritual resurrection humanity.
Show skill N.V. Gogol in the description of the characters of landowners in the poem “Dead Souls”.
Decor:
- Portraits of Chichikov and landowners.
- Text of the poem “Dead Souls”.
- Presentation “Images of landowners in the poem by N.V.
- Gogol “Dead Souls”. (Annex 1)
Fragments of the video film “Dead Souls”. (DVD series “Russian Classics”)
DURING THE CLASSES
I. Organizational moment (greeting).
Reporting the topic of the lesson, goal setting.
II. Teacher's opening speech.
The close-up images of landowners, these “masters of life”, who are responsible for its economic and cultural condition, for the fate of the people, are drawn in close-up in the poem “Dead Souls”. What are they, the masters of life? A plan is proposed to analyze the images of landowners.
Slide 2
III. Analysis of the image of Manilov. Which landowner does Chichikov visit first?
Slide 3 When does Chichikov's first meeting with Manilov take place? View ideological fragment “Chichikov at Manilov”
Assignment: using the memo plan, tell about Manilov. Performance by the 1st group of students.
What detail in the description of the hero is dominant?
What is hidden behind Manilov’s smiling face? How the author himself characterizes the hero ?
A pleasant Manilov smile for everyone is a sign of deep indifference to everything around him; such people are not capable of experiencing anger, sorrow, joy.
With the help of what details does Gogol give a comic coloring to the images of his characters?
An integral part of Gogol's portrait drawing are poses, clothing, movements, gestures, and facial expressions. With their help, the writer enhances the comic coloring of the images and reveals the true essence of the hero. Manilov's gestures indicate mental impotence, an inability to comprehend what goes beyond the boundaries of his wretched little world.
What is distinguishing feature Manilov?
His main psychological trait is the desire to please everyone and always.
Manilov is a calm observer of everything that happens; bribe takers, thieves, embezzlers - all the most respected people for him. Manilov is an indefinite person; he has no living human desires. This is a dead soul, a person “so-so, neither this nor that.”
Conclusion. Slide 4
Instead of real feeling, Manilov has a “pleasant smile”, cloying courtesy and a sensitive phrase; instead of thought - some kind of incoherent, stupid reflections, instead of activity - either empty dreams, or such results of “labor” as “slides of ash knocked out of a pipe, arranged, not without effort, in very beautiful rows.”
IV. Analysis of the image of the Box.
Briefly describe the contents of Chapter 3.
What can you find out about main feature Character Boxes from direct author's characteristics?
Gogol does not hide the irony regarding her thinking abilities: she thought, opened her mouth, looked almost with fear. “Well, the woman seems to be strong-minded!”
The essence of Korobochka's character is especially visible through the dialogical speech of the characters. The dialogue between Korobochka and Chichikov is a masterpiece of comedic art. This conversation can be called a dialogue of the deaf.
Watching the video clip “Dialogue between Korobochka and Chichikov”
What character traits of Korobochka were revealed in the bargaining scene?
She was not embarrassed by the trade in dead souls, she is ready to trade in dead souls, but she is afraid of selling herself cheap. She is characterized by tedious slowness and caution. She went to the city to find out how much “dead souls” were being sold these days.
What is the situation of the peasants near Korobochka?
The village is a source of honey, lard, and hemp, which Korobochka sells. She also trades with peasants.
Draw a conclusion about the meaning of the box's thriftiness .
It turns out that landowner thrift can have the same vile, inhuman meaning as mismanagement.
What made Korobochka like this?
Traditions in the conditions of patriarchal life suppressed Korobochka’s personality and stopped her intellectual development at a very low level; all aspects of life not related to hoarding remained inaccessible to her.
Assignment: using the memo plan, tell about the Box. Performance of the 2nd group of students
Conclusion : Slide 6
The “club-headed” box is the embodiment of those traditions that have developed among provincial small landowners leading subsistence farming.
She is a representative of a departing, dying Russia, and there is no life in her, since she is turned not to the future, but to the past.
V. Analysis of Nozdryov’s image.
It consists of separate fragments that tell about the hero’s habits, episodes from his life, manners and behavior in society. Each of these sketches is a condensed story that reveals one or another trait of his character: drunken revelry, a passion for changing everything, an addiction to playing cards, empty vulgar talk, complete lies.
How is Nozdryov’s desire to lie exposed?
In Nozdryov's office, Turkish daggers are shown, on one of which was carved: master Savely Sibiryakov.
What is the hero's speech? ?
Swear words: fetish, pig, scoundrel, rubbish. And this reveals not only a personal, but also a social trait. He is sure that he is allowed to insult and deceive with impunity - after all, he is a landowner, a nobleman, the master of life.
What are Nozdryov’s life goals ?
Nozdrev cares not for profit: this tavern hero is in no way suitable for the role of an acquirer. He is possessed by a thirst for pleasures - those that are available to his dirty soul. And Nozdryov plays dirty tricks on his neighbor with pleasure, without any malicious intentions, even good-naturedly, since his neighbor is only a means or source of pleasure for him. Pleasure was denied or it did not take place: “fetish”, “scoundrel”, “rubbish”
Assignment: using the memo plan, tell about Nozdryov. Speech by the 3rd group of students
Conclusion. Slide 8
In general, Nozdryov is an unpleasant person, since he completely lacks the concepts of honor, conscience, and human dignity.
Nozdryov’s energy turned into scandalous vanity, aimless and destructive.
VI. Analysis of the image of Sobakevich.
What details and things does Gogol use when characterizing Sobakevich? ?
Description of the manor house: “...a wooden house with a mezzanine could be seen... “...In a word, everything he looked at was stubborn, without swaying, in some kind of strong and awkward order.
The Greek heroes in the pictures in his living room were strong, with thick loungers, unheard of mustache
Is there a difference in the characterization of Sobakevich in chapters 1 and 5?
In Chapter 1, Sobakevich is characterized as a person “clumsy in appearance.” This quality is emphasized and deepened in Chapter 5: he looks “like a medium-sized bear.” The author persistently plays on the word “bear”: a bear-colored tailcoat, his name was Mikhail Semyonovich.
What is striking about Sobakevich’s portrait?
In the portrait, what is most striking is the complexion: “.. stony, hot, like the one on a copper coin”;
“It is known that there are many such persons in the world, over the finishing of which nature did not spend much time, did not use any small tools, such as files, gimlets and other things, but simply chopped with all their might: just hit with an ax once - the nose came out, it was enough to another - her lips came out, she picked her eyes with a large drill...”
“Chichikov glanced sideways at him again as they walked into the dining room: bear! A perfect bear!”
Why is Chichikov careful in his conversation with Sobakevich: he did not call the souls dead, but only non-existent?
Sobakevich immediately “smelled” that the proposed deal was fraudulent. But he didn’t even blink an eye.
“Do you need dead souls? - Sobakevich asked very simply, without the slightest surprise, as if we were talking about bread.”
Assignment: using the memo plan, tell about Sobakevich. Speech by the 4th group of students
Chichikov is right in thinking that Sobakevich would have remained a kulak even in St. Petersburg, although he was raised according to fashion. Yes, it would have turned out even worse: “if he had tasted the top of some science, he would let him know later, having taken a more prominent place. To all those who actually learned some science.
Sobakevich, like Korobochka, is smart and practical in a business way: they do not ruin men, because it is unprofitable for themselves. They know that in this world everything is bought and sold.
VII. Analysis of the image of Plyushkin.
The theme of moral decline, the spiritual death of the “masters of life” ends with a chapter dedicated to Plyushkin.
Plyushkin is the last portrait in the gallery of landowners. Before us is the complete collapse of the human in man.
How and why a hardworking owner turned into “a hole in humanity” ?
Why does the chapter about Plyushkin begin with a lyrical digression about youth?
Why does Gogol recount the life story of Plyushkin in detail? ?
Gogol turns to the hero’s past, since the moral ugliness is the same as that of other landowners: spiritual possession, which gives rise to soullessness, loss of ideas about the meaning of life, about moral duty, about responsibility for everything that happens around. Plyushkin's tragedy is that he lost contact with people. He sees enemies in everyone, even his own children and grandchildren, ready to plunder good.
The image of Plyushkin is the embodiment of extreme dilapidation and moldiness, and in the characteristics of objects associated with him, Gogol reflected these qualities.
Find in text artistic media, with the help of which the author reveals the essence of the image of Plyushkin .
All the buildings were dilapidated, the logs on the huts were dark and old, the roofs were see-through like a sieve, the fence was broken...
Assignment: using the memo plan, tell about Plyushkin. Speech by the 5th group of students
Conclusion. Slide 12
Mold, dust, rot, and death emanate from the Plyushkin estate. Other details also chill the heart: the old man did not give a penny to either his daughter or his son.
So, for what purpose is the image of Plyushkin depicted in the poem? ?
Consistently, from hero to hero, Gogol exposes the worthless life of the landowners.
The images of landowners are given according to their spiritual impoverishment and moral decline.
It is shown how the disintegration of the human personality gradually took place.
Once upon a time, Plyushkin was just a thrifty owner. The thirst for enrichment turned him into a miser and isolated him from society.
His image reveals one of the varieties of spiritual death. Plyushkin's image is typical.
Gogol exclaimed bitterly: “And a person could condescend to such insignificance, pettiness, and disgustingness! Could have changed so much! And does this seem true? Everything seems to be true, anything can happen to a person.”
VIII. Similarities between Chichikov and landowners.
Landowner, his distinctive feature |
How does this trait manifest itself in Chichikov? |
| Manilov – sweetness, cloying, uncertainty | All residents of the city recognized Chichikov as a pleasant man in all respects |
| Box - petty stinginess | Everything in the box is laid out with the same diligent pedantry as in Nastasya Petrovna’s chest of drawers |
| Nozdryov - narcissism | The desire and ability to please everyone |
| Sobakevich – rude tight-fistedness and cynicism | There is “...no straightforwardness, no sincerity! Perfect Sobakevich” |
| Plyushkin - collecting unnecessary things and carefully storing them | While exploring the city, I tore off the poster, read it, folded it and put it in a small box. |
Chichikov's character is multifaceted, the hero turns out to be a mirror of the landowner he meets, because he has the same qualities that form the basis of the landowners' characters.
IX. Crossword . Slides 15 to 24
X. Summing up.
XI. Homework.
1. Fill out the table according to plan:
- brief description of the landowner;
- description of the landowner's estate;
- description of a shared meal;
- how landowners react to Chichikov’s proposal;
- further actions of the landowners.
2. Write a miniature essay “Why did Chichikov visit the landowners in such a sequence?”
Abstract
Topic: N.V. Gogol. "Dead Souls". The system of images of the poem: images of landowners (Manilov, Korobochka)
Target: give students an idea of the system of images of the poem “Dead Souls”; familiarize students with the images of landowners using the example of Manilov and Korobochka.
The poem “Dead Souls” was conceived by N.V. Gogol as a broad epic canvas, where the author undertakes to truthfully reflect, as in a pure mirror, living modernity.Image system The poem is constructed in accordance with three main plot and compositional units: landowner Russia, bureaucratic Russia and the image of Chichikov. The relationship of parts in “Dead Souls” is strictly thought out and subject to creative intent.
What compositional parts can the poem be divided into?
The first chapter of the poem can be defined as a kind of introduction. The action has not yet begun, and the author is only general outline describes his heroes. The reader begins to guess that Chichikov came to provincial town with some secret intentions that become clear later.
In chapters 2-6 we Chichikov meets with landowners. Each chapter is dedicated to one meeting. All these chapters are built according to the same plan: a description of the estate, the interior of the house, the appearance of the landowner, the meeting of the owner and the guest, a joint dinner, the scene of the purchase and sale of dead souls.
Basic diagram “System of images of the poem”
Who will be at the center of the novel's image system?
The images presented in the poem can be divided into representatives of the village and the city. Who in the city will represent " powerful of the world this"?
In what order does Chichikov visit the landowners? (Manilov, Korobochka, Nozdryov, Sobakevich, Plyushkin)
| Images of landowners The garden, laid out in the “Aglitsky style”, is neglected. A gazebo with the inscription “Temple of Solitary Reflection” is adjacent to a pond overgrown with greenery. | “His facial features were not without pleasantness, but this pleasantness seemed to have too much sugar in it.” | There has been a book in my office for two years now, hidden on page 14. Mismanagement and impracticality are everywhere: something is always missing in the house. The furniture was upholstered in smart fabric, but there was not enough for two chairs. On the table is a bronze candlestick with three ancient graces, and next to it is “some kind of copper invalid, lame and covered in grease.” | At first he was “confused and confused” and suspected Chichikov of madness. But since he was not used to thinking, he completely trusted Chichikov. | Speaking surname landowner is formed from the words “to lure, deceive.” Enthusiastic naivety, daydreaming, carelessness, stupidity and lack of independence are the main features of the landowner. His image captures the type of idle dreamer, a “romantic” slacker. Gogol shows that Manilov is vulgar and empty, he has no real spiritual interests. The relationship with his wife, the upbringing of Alcides and Themistoclus, and the cloying sweetness of his speeches reinforce this impression. This hero lives a worthless life; behind his external attractiveness lies a spiritual emptiness | Economically, it symbolizes mismanagement, and morally, it symbolizes spiritual decay that occurred due to idle daydreaming, living in the world of one’s dreams. |
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| Manilov claims that dead souls are an insignificant commodity. Chichikov objects to him and defends the dead, speaking about them: “Very not rubbish!” |
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| Box | “the window looked almost into the chicken coop; at least the narrow courtyard in front of him was filled with birds and all kinds of domestic creatures...; the pig and his family appeared right there..." This small courtyard, or chicken coop, was blocked by a plank fence, behind which stretched spacious vegetable gardens with cabbage, onions, potatoes, beets and other household vegetables..." "The vegetable gardens were followed by peasant huts, which, although they were lined up scattered...showed the contentment of the inhabitants..." | “An elderly woman, in some kind of sleeping cap, put on hastily, with a flannel around her neck, one of those mothers, small landowners who cry when the harvest fails... and meanwhile they gradually collect money in colorful stockings...” In the portrait, Gogol’s face and does not pay attention to her eyes, as if they are not there - this emphasizes her lack of spirituality | The room was hung with old striped wallpaper; paintings with some birds; between the windows are antique mirrors with dark frames in the shape of curled leaves; Behind every mirror there was either a letter, or an old deck of cards, or a stocking; wall clock with painted flowers on the dial.” the next day: “Looking around the room, he now noticed that not all of the paintings were birds: between them hung a portrait of Kutuzov and a painted oil paints some old man..." | Everything new and unprecedented frightens her; her reluctance to sell dead souls is explained by the fact that all her life she has strived for hoarding, and believes that they can somehow be useful in the household. She shows a complete lack of understanding of the meaning of this transaction, fear of selling too cheap and being deceived (she goes to the city to find out “how much dead souls are walking around these days”) | Her main feature is petty stinginess. Limited, stubborn, suspicious. The meaning of the surname: the landowner is enclosed in a “box” of her space and her concepts. Korobochka's thriftiness is her only virtue. It is no coincidence that Chichikov repeats “club-headed” about her, thereby speaking of her impenetrable intellectual poverty. | She is a representative of a departing, dying Russia, and there is no life in her, since she is turned not to the future, but to the past. |
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| Korobochka does not scold his deceased peasants, like Manilov, but expresses the hope that the dead “will somehow be needed on the farm.” |
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| Nozdryov | The farm is neglected: the field is full of hummocks, the stable is almost empty, the house is filled with useless things. “...an office, in which, however, there were no visible traces of what happens in offices, that is, books or paper; only sabers and two guns were hanging.” “There were bread crumbs on the floor, and tobacco ash was even visible on the tablecloth.” | “He was of average height, a very well built fellow. With full rosy cheeks, teeth as white as snow and jet-black sideburns. It was fresh, like blood and milk; health seemed to be dripping from his face..." | “an office in which... there were no visible traces of what happens in offices, that is, books or paper; only sabers and two guns were hanging.” | I tried to find out from Chichikov why he needed dead souls. Not believing a single word of Chichikov, he declared: “Well, I know you: after all, you are a big swindler, let me tell you this out of friendship! If I were your boss, I would hang you from the first tree.” He bargains with Chichikov for a long time, trying to leave him out in the cold. It all ends in a quarrel: “You’ll get a bald head!” I wanted to give it away for nothing, but now you won’t get it! Even if you give me three kingdoms, I won’t give it up... Porfiry, go tell the groom not to give oats to his horses...” | “Everyone has met a lot of such people. They are called broken fellows, they are reputed even in childhood and at school for being good comrades, and for all that they can be beaten very painfully. In their faces you can always see something open, direct, and daring. They soon get to know each other, and before you know it, they’re already saying “you.” They will make friends, it seems, forever: but it almost always happens that the person who has become friends will fight with them that same evening at a friendly party. They are always talkative, revelers, reckless people, prominent people. Nozdryov at thirty-five years old was exactly the same as he was at eighteen and twenty: a lover of a walk.” “Nozdryov was in some respects historical person. Not a single meeting where he attended was complete without a story.” “Nozdryov was in many respects a multifaceted person, that is, a man of all trades. At that very moment he invited you to go anywhere, even to the ends of the world, to enter into whatever enterprise you wanted, to exchange whatever you had for whatever you wanted... this simply happened from some kind of restless agility and liveliness of character.” Lack of development is a sign of non-living. He is rude and his speech is filled with curse words. He behaves brazenly, defiantly, aggressively, his energy has turned into destructive and scandalous vanity.” | Economic decline is associated with carelessness and waste of life. The moral decay of the hero is manifested in reckless lies, extravagance and cheating. |
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| Sobakevich | “Chichikov once again looked around the room and everything that was in it - everything was solid, awkward in of the highest degree and had some strange resemblance to the owner of the house himself... The table, armchairs, chairs - everything was of the heaviest and most restless quality - in a word, every object, every chair seemed to say: “And I, too, Sobakevich!” | “A healthy and strong man,” whom nature “cut from all sides”; very similar “to a medium-sized bear”; “It seemed that this body had no soul at all, or it had one, but not at all where it should be, but, like immortal koschei, somewhere behind the mountains, and is covered with such a thick shell that whatever moved at the bottom of it did not produce any shock on the surface.” | “The devil’s fist,” as Chichikov puts it, is the embodiment of lasting strength; One cannot fail to note the swiftness of his attacks on everyone who seems to be his enemy, and his persistence in realizing his desires. | A tight-fisted and stubborn owner. He gravitates towards the old, serf-like forms of farming, hostility towards the city and education is combined with a passion for profit and predatory accumulation. |
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| Plyushkin | Plyushkin's house is an "extinct place." “He [Chichikov] noticed some special disrepair in all the village buildings: the logs on the huts were dark and old, many of the roofs were leaking like a sieve. The windows in the huts were without glass, others were covered with a rag or zipun. In many places, behind the huts, huge stacks of grain lay in rows, apparently stagnant for a long time; in color they looked like old, poorly burnt brick, all sorts of rubbish grew on top of them...” “This strange castle [manor house], disproportionately long, looked like some kind of old invalid. In some places it was one floor, in others it was two.” “Green mold has already covered the dilapidated wood on the fence and gate. A crowd of buildings: human buildings, barns, cellars, apparently dilapidated, filled the house... Everything said that farming was going on here on an extensive scale, and everything looked gloomy today. Nothing was noticeable to enliven the picture: no doors opening, no people coming out from anywhere, no living troubles and worries at home.” | “His face was nothing special; it was almost the same as that of many thin old men, one chin only protruded very far forward, so that he had to cover it with a handkerchief every time so as not to spit; the small eyes had not yet gone out and ran from under their high eyebrows, like mice, when, sticking their sharp muzzles out of the dark holes, pricking their ears and blinking their whiskers, they look out to see if a cat or a naughty boy is hiding somewhere, and sniff the very air suspiciously. His attire was much more remarkable: no amount of effort or effort could have been used to find out what his robe was made of: the sleeves and upper flaps were so greasy and shiny that they looked like which one goes on boots; in the back, instead of two, there were four floors dangling, from which cotton paper came out in flakes. He also had something tied around his neck that could not be made out: a stocking, a garter, or a belly, but not a tie. In a word, if Chichikov had met him, so dressed up, somewhere at the church door, he would probably have given him a copper penny. | “He [Chichikov] entered the dark, wide entryway, from which a cold air blew in, as if from a cellar. From the hallway he found himself in a room, also dark, slightly illuminated by the light coming out from under a wide crack located at the bottom of the door. Having opened this door, he finally found himself in the light and was amazed at the chaos that appeared. It seemed as if the floors were being washed in the house and all the furniture had been piled here for a while. It would have been impossible to say that there was a living creature living in this room if his presence had not been announced by the old worn cap lying on the table.” "On one table there was even a broken chair, and next to it a clock with a stopped pendulum, to which the spider had already attached a web.” "From the middle of the ceiling hung a chandelier in a canvas bag, the dust making it look like a silk cocoon in which a worm sits. In the corner of the room there was a heap of things piled up on the floor that were coarser and unworthy to lie on the tables. It was difficult to decide what exactly was in the pile, because there was such an abundance of dust on it that the hands of anyone who touched it became like gloves; More noticeably than anything else, a broken piece of a wooden shovel and an old boot sole protruded from there.” | For Plyushkin, the sale of “dead souls” turned out to be a real gift. | The surname emphasizes the “flattening”, distortion of the character and his soul. Only this landowner is given a biography (that is, his character is given by the writer in development) - it is shown how the process of degradation took place. The story about Plyushkin's past makes his image more tragic than comic. Using the technique of contrast, Gogol forces the reader to compare the human and the ugly within the same life. “...anything can happen to a person. Today’s fiery young man would recoil in horror if they showed him his portrait in old age.” Gogol calls Plyushkin “a hole in humanity.” | There are no human feelings in Plyushkin, not even paternal ones. Things are more valuable to him than people, in whom he sees only swindlers and thieves. Watching the changes in Plyushkin’s life, one cannot help but notice that the “death” of the soul begins with the poverty of feelings. |
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Conclusion: thus, the landowners in the poem are united by vulgarity and spiritual emptiness. The author does not limit himself to explaining the spiritual failure of the characters only social reasons. It may be caused by inner world man, his psychology. Therefore, Plyushkin’s fall is not directly related to his position as a landowner. Gogol's realism includes the deepest psychologism.
MANILOV. “...The landowner... is not yet an old man at all...” “...He smiled enticingly, was blond, with blue eyes...” Eyes “sweet as sugar.” The expression on his face was “not only sweet, but even cloying...” “...his facial features were not devoid of pleasantness, but this pleasantness seemed to have too much sugar in it...” “His wife... however, they were completely pleased with each other. Despite the fact that more than eight years had passed of their marriage, each of them still brought the other a piece of an apple, or a piece of candy, or a nut and spoke in a touchingly tender voice, expressing perfect love..." Sons - Alcides and Themistoclus: "Themistoclus!" said Manilov, turning to the elder..." "Here is the younger one, Alcides, he is not so fast..." "...Manilov will be more delicate than Sobakevich..." "...In the first minute of conversation with him you can’t help but say : “What a pleasant and kind person!” The next minute you won’t say anything, and the third you’ll say: “The devil knows what it is!” - and move away; If you don’t leave, you will feel mortal boredom.” “...God alone could have said what Manilov’s character was like. There is a kind of people known by the name: so-so people, neither this nor that, neither in the city of Bogdan, nor in the village of Selifan, according to the proverb. Maybe Manilov should join them...” “You won’t get any lively or even arrogant words from him, which you can hear from almost anyone if you touch an object that is bullying him. Everyone has their own enthusiasm [...] in a word, everyone has their own, but Manilov had nothing." "At home he spoke very little and mostly reflected and thought, but what he was thinking about was also unknown to God. “Manilov is “hard of hearing,” he writes beautifully (“It’s nicely written... there’s no need to rewrite it...” (Chichikov about Manilov). “It’s impossible to say that he was involved in farming, he never even went to the fields, farming went on like - of course..." "Of course, one could notice that there are many other things to do in the house, besides long kisses and surprises, and many different requests could be made, for example, why is it stupid and useless to cook in the kitchen? is the pantry empty? why is the housekeeper thief? why are the servants unscrupulous and drunk? there was beautiful furniture upholstered in smart silk fabric, which was probably quite expensive; but there wasn’t enough for two chairs, and the chairs were simply upholstered in matting; However, for several years the owner always warned his guest with the words: “Don’t sit on these chairs, they are not ready yet.” “ “In another room there was no furniture at all, although it was said in the first days after marriage: “Darling, tomorrow we will need to work hard to put furniture in this room at least for a while,” he says to his wife..” “In his office there is always There was some book lying with a bookmark on page 14, which he had been constantly reading for two years." Attitude to the peasants: “When a man came to him and, scratching the back of his head with his hand, said, “Master, let me go away to work, earn some tax.” “Go,” he said, smoking a pipe, and it didn’t even occur to him that the man was going out to drink. " Mr. Manilov is a hospitable, cordial host: “... As the chaise approached the porch, his eyes became more cheerful and his smile widened more and more...” Attitude towards people: “... there was something in his techniques and turns of phrase - something ingratiating favors and acquaintances..." BOX "... Collegiate secretary [...] Nastasya Petrovna..." "an elderly woman, in some kind of sleeping cap, put on hastily, with a flannel around her neck... " "...One of those mothers, small landowners who cry about crop failures, losses and keep their heads somewhat to one side, and meanwhile they collect a little money in colorful bags placed in dresser drawers..." Mistress: "...U “You, mother, the pancakes are very tasty,” said Chichikov...” “...the landowner did not keep any notes or lists, but knew almost everyone by heart...” (peasants).” About the “dead” souls - to Chichikov: "... Maybe you, my father, are deceiving me, but they... they are somehow worth more..." "... it would be better for me to wait a little, maybe the merchants will come, and then I will adjust the prices... " " "...Oh, what a clubhead! - Chichikov said to himself, “...She saw that the deal definitely seemed to be profitable, but it was just too new and unprecedented; and therefore she began to be very afraid that this buyer would somehow cheat her...” She believes and into God and into evil spirits: “... The power of the cross is with us! What passions are you talking about! - said the old woman, crossing herself...” “... yes, apparently, God sent him as punishment. ; and the horns are longer than those of a bull..." (Thought about the devil).
In the following chapters the reader gets acquainted with Nozdrev, Sobakevich and Plyushkin.
