1 – option.

8th grade

Part I

A1. Man as one of the people:

A2. The phase of personality formation, during which a person assimilates the behavior patterns of the group:

A3.

A) The family constitutes the formal environment of a person;

B) Only the immediate environment of a person is considered to be agents of socialization?

A4. Are the statements about globalization correct?

A) Globalization manifests itself in all spheres of society;

B) Does globalization lead to the isolation of European states from the rest of the world?

1) only A is true 2) only B is true

3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect

A5. Which of the following positions Not relates to social relations:

1) carrying out election campaigning by a candidate for deputy

2) holding a strike by employees of the enterprise

3) a walk in the forest with a dog

4) paperwork when applying for a job

Part II.

IN 1. "personality".

Temperament, character, abilities, motivation, physiology.

Answer _______________

AT 2. Establish a correspondence between these examples and areas of public life:

examples of public life

A) elections of the head of state 1) spiritual

B) congress of the ruling party 2) political

C) church service 3) economic

D) provision of credit 4) social

AT 3.

“To determine the level of progressiveness of any___________(1), sociology uses two main criteria: the level of productivity___________(2) and the degree of ___________(3) of the individual in society. The first reflects, first of all, the state of the economic sphere of society, which, as is known, has a direct impact on other spheres of public life. This takes into account not only physical, but also intellectual labor, work in the field of social security and services, etc. The second criterion __________(4) - the level of personal freedom - is an indicator of the level of development of social and political means that help ensure __________(5) for all members of society in freedom and __________(6).”

one

A) society D) need

B) progress E) nature

C) freedom G) responsibility

D) labor

Part III.

C1. Give a definition of the concept “personality”. Write two sentences containing information about the person.

C2 . What are global problems? Give three examples of global problems.

C3. What is socialization? Name the agents of primary socialization.

C4. What is reform? Name three differences between reformist and revolutionary development of society.

Test on the topic: “Personality and Society.”

Option 2.

8th grade

Part I

A1. Characteristics of a person in society:
1) individual 2) citizen 3) individuality 4) personality

A2. The phase of personality formation, when a person becomes part of society:

1) adaptation 2) individualization

3) integration 4) disintegration

AZ. Are the judgments about worldview correct?

A) Diversity of worldviews enriches society;

B) Is a worldview both a product and an expression of a spiritual personality?

1) only A is true 2) only B is true

3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect

A4. The manifestation of continuity in the development of society serves as an example:

1) a sharp leap in the development of society 2) evolution

3) global problems of social development 4) revolution

A5. Changing any part of the system without affecting the existing foundations is:

1) reform 2) progress 3) revolution 4) evolution

Part II.

IN 1. Below is a list of terms. All of them, with the exception of one, characterize the concept"globalization".

Transnational corporations, nationalization, information space, integration, unification.

Find and write down a term that refers to another concept.

Answer _______________

AT 2. Establish a correspondence between the stages of development of society and their characteristics:For each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Characteristics of the stages of development of society

A) the main factor of production – 1) agricultural (traditional)

Scientifically technical progress 2) industrial

B) predominance of industrial 3) post-industrial

production (information)

B) dominance of subsistence farming

D) the predominance of the service sector in the economy

Write down the selected numbers in the table.

AT 3. Read the text below, in which a number of words are missing.

Select from the list provided the words that need to be inserted in place of the gaps.

“Dictionary of the Russian language SI. Ozhegova defines a person as “a living being with ____________(1) and ____________(2), the ability to create tools and use them in the process of social ____________(3).” This definition combines in this concept two essences of man - his biological beginning and his social essence. Man on one side. part _________(4), and its formation is subject to all natural ____________(5). He, like other natural beings, must constantly satisfy his physiological _____________ (6) (eat, drink, sleep, etc.), must protect his body from the cold with clothing. But man is not only a biological being, he is also a social being (in other words, public).”

The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word (phrase) can only be used one once. Choose one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you will need to fill in the blanks.

A) consciousness D) nature

B) speech E) need

C) labor G) thinking

D) law

This table shows the pass numbers. Under each number, write down the letter that corresponds to the word you chose.

Part III.

C1 . Define the concept of “individuality”. Write two sentences containing information about personality.

C2 . What is globalization? Give three consequences of globalization in the modern world.

NW. What are social nomes? In what forms they exist, give examples of each form.

C4 . What stages in the development of society do scientists identify? Give three signs of one of these steps.

Test on the topic: “Personality and Society.”

3 – option.

8th grade

Part I

A1 . Most general characteristic person is the term:

1) individual 2) citizen 3) individuality 4) personality

A2. The phase of personality formation, when a person is looking for means and ways to designate his individuality:

1) adaptation 2) individualization

3) integration 4) disintegration

AZ. Are the judgments about socialization correct?

A) Agents of primary socialization include a person’s formal environment;

B) Does the process of socialization continue throughout his life?

1) only A is true 2) only B is true

3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect

A4. Are the judgments about the reform correct:

A) Reform is an attempt to preserve the existing order of things in society;

B) Most often, reforms are carried out by the top of society?

1) only A is true 2) only B is true

3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect

A5. The process of worldwide economic, political and cultural integration and unification is:

1) identification 3) globalization

2) personalization 4) monopolization

Part II.

IN 1. Below is a list of terms. All of them, with the exception of one, characterize the concept"social norms".

Permission, morality, seven, prohibition, traditions, law.

Find and write down a term that refers to another concept.

Answer _______________

AT 2. Establish a correspondence between global problems and their types:For each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Global problems types of global problems

A) the problem of global terrorism 1) environmental

B) the problem of the “third world” countries 2) political

B) exhaustion natural resources 3) social

D) demographic problem 4) economic

Write down the selected numbers in the table.

AT 3. Read the text below, in which a number of words are missing.

Select from the list provided the words that need to be inserted in place of the gaps.

“Society arose at a certain stage of development _________(1). It is part of nature and at the same time qualitatively different from it. Society is a complex _________(2), all elements of which constantly interact with each other. Society can be conditionally divided into four spheres: economic, social, political and spiritual, interconnected but at the same time possessing a certain independence. All these four large spheres of social life interact with each other. They are not only interconnected, but also mutually condition each other. Indeed, although _______(3) plays an important role in the life of society, the basis is still __________(4). In turn, the economic sphere could not exist without people, bearers of class, group and other relations. at the same time, the same people are carriers of forms of social _________ (5). Thus, all the indicated __________(6) lives of society form a single whole, that is, a specific society with a certain appearance.”

The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word (phrase) can only be used one once. Choose one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you will need to fill in the blanks.

A) structure D) sphere

B) nature E) consciousness

C) politics G) freedom

D) economics

This table shows the pass numbers. Write down under each number the letter corresponding to the word you chose.

Part III.

C1 . Give a definition of the concept “person”. Write two sentences containing information about the person.

C2. List the main phases of personality development.

NW. What is the progress of society. Give three examples of social progress.

C4 . What is a revolution? Name three differences between reformist and revolutionary development of society.

Test

This question was developed using the example of a person’s entry (microdevelopment) into a new social environment (model). These studies were carried out under the leadership of Petrovsky.

Phases: Z. V. transition from preschoolers to schoolchildren (new social environment - class).

Z.V. a new student comes to class;

new students who transfer from one faculty to another;

new peer companies;

inclusion of a person in a new work group;

inclusion of a person in a military group.

When a person enters new environment there are basic general patterns.

Many conflicts come from these patterns, which come from the process of microsocialization.

Processes of microdevelopment in a new social environment:

Phase I - adaptation

Phase II - individualization (personalization)

Phase III - integration

Phase I - adaptation

1) the process of active cognition and assimilation of norms in a given community (norms of communication, vocabulary, clothing, tastes, etc.)

2) mastery of techniques and means of activity that are owned by another group, other members of the group.

3) there is a need to be like everyone else; to be like the others; no different from others. The group expects that a member of the group new person will look like a group.

4) subjective experience of the loss of one’s individual characteristics. Those. individual characteristics that are distinctive must temporarily fade into the background. Favorable conditions affect the development of personality.

As a result of the adaptation phase, a contradiction arises between the level of adaptation of the individual in the new social environment and the activated need to be different from the new social environment.

Phase II - individualization

1) finding ways to ensure your individualization

2) broadcast (transfer) of one’s individuality to others.

Among young people:

1) a special way of dressing; special hairstyle;

2) difference in physical characteristics (strength, courage); sporting achievements;

3) different kinds leisure (dancing, hobbies)

4) erudition as a way to stand out from the immediate environment.

These methods are usually atypical, non-standard, unusual.

5) Search for a reference group for optimal individualization of a person.

(Something secret always attracts).

Phase III - integration

It occurs as a result of the contradiction between the individual’s desire to be represented in the group by his individual abilities and the needs of the group.

2 forms of integration

1) a person occupies a certain social niche in a given group with his qualities

2) the niche is specifically created by the individual; community, the group transforms its needs with respect to a new person who becomes a leader.

Z.B. Novgorod Television Plant

The brigade (21 people) was joined by 2 girls who had previously been engaged in trade. As a result, the entire team began to engage in trade.

New personality formations are formed and consolidated that meet the needs of the social group.

If the contradiction between the individual and the group is not resolved or eliminated, then the stage of disintegration begins:

1) displacement of an individual from a given group, conspiracies

2) isolation of the individual in the group - egocentric individualization, therefore, the individual is outside the group; the individual does not accept the group, but does not leave it either.

3) return to earlier phases of development (quite typical and characteristic). A new phase of individualization is starting.

These phases I, II, III are described as typical. But there are always exceptions to the rules: some stage can be very short, and some can be very drawn out (depending on the conditions, on the character of the person).

Microsocialization occurs not only when an individual is included in a new community, but also when the environment itself changes. (Z.B. organization changes location, change of territory).

A sharp change in the social status of an individual in a particular group. Z.B.: an ordinary member of the group becomes a leader; a period of time passes and the person leaves work; Z.B. the person was a leader, became a worker in the same group.

Social status changes dramatically. A person must go through the stages of microsocialization. A person faces barriers that he cannot overcome.

Z.B. Elections of leaders: a sharp change in social status while maintaining the social environment.

Z.B. Candidates for leadership were not selected: the person aspired to a higher social status, but he had to return to his previous social status.

After losing an election, a person can:

1) leave the organization

2) start challenging the election results

In preparing this work, materials from the site http://www.studentu.ru were used

Today in psychology there are about fifty theories of personality. Each of them examines and interprets in its own way how personality is formed. But they all agree that a person goes through the stages of personality development in a way that no one has lived before him, and no one will live after him.

Why is one person loved, respected, successful in all spheres of life, while another degrades and becomes unhappy? To answer this question, you need to know the personality formation factors that influenced the life of a particular person. It is important how the stages of personality formation went through, what new traits, qualities, properties and abilities appeared during life, and to take into account the role of the family in the formation of personality.

In psychology there are several definitions of this concept. Definition in philosophical sense– this is the value for the sake of and thanks to which society develops.

Stages of development

An active and active person is capable of development. For each age period one of the activities is leading.

The concept of leading activity was developed by the Soviet psychologist A.N. Leontyev, he also identified the main stages of personality formation. Later his ideas were developed by D.B. Elkonin and other scientists.

The leading type of activity is a development factor and activity that determines the formation of the individual’s basic psychological formations at the next stage of his development.

"According to D. B. Elkonin"

Stages of personality formation according to D. B. Elkonin and the leading type of activity in each of them:

• Infancy – direct communication with adults.
• Early childhood is an object-manipulative activity. The child learns to handle simple objects.
• Before school age- role-playing game. child in game form tries on adult social roles.
• Primary school age - educational activities.
• Adolescence – intimate communication with peers.

"According to E. Erickson"

Psychological periodizations of individuality development were also developed by foreign psychologists. The most famous is the periodization proposed by E. Erikson. According to Erikson, personality formation occurs not only in youth, but also in old age.

Psychosocial stages of development are crisis stages in the formation of an individual’s personality. The formation of personality is the passage of one after another psychological stages of development. At each stage, a qualitative transformation of the individual’s inner world occurs. New formations at each stage are a consequence of the development of the individual at the previous stage.

Neoplasms can be either positive or negative. Their combination determines the individuality of each person. Erikson described two lines of development: normal and abnormal, in each of which he identified and contrasted psychological new formations.

Crisis stages of personality formation according to E. Erikson:

• The first year of a person’s life is a crisis of confidence

During this period, the role of the family in the formation of personality is especially important. Through mother and father, a child learns whether the world is kind to him or not. In the best case, basic trust in the world appears; if the formation of personality is anomalous, distrust is formed.

• From one year to three years

Independence and self-confidence, if the process of personality formation occurs normally, or self-doubt and hypertrophied shame, if it is abnormal.

• Three to five years

Activity or passivity, initiative or guilt, curiosity or indifference to the world and people.

• From five to eleven years

The child learns to set and achieve goals, independently solve life problems, strives for success, develops cognitive and communication skills, as well as hard work. If the formation of personality during this period deviates from the normal line, the new formations will be an inferiority complex, conformity, a feeling of meaninglessness, futility of efforts when solving problems.

• From twelve to eighteen years old

Teenagers are going through a stage of life self-determination. Young people make plans, choose a profession, and decide on a worldview. If the process of personality formation is disrupted, the teenager becomes immersed in his inner world to the detriment of the external, but he cannot understand himself. Confusion in thoughts and feelings leads to decreased activity, inability to plan for the future, and difficulties with self-determination. The teenager chooses the path “like everyone else”, becomes a conformist, and does not have his own personal worldview.

• From twenty to forty-five years

This is early adulthood. A person develops a desire to be a useful member of society. He works, starts a family, has children and at the same time feels satisfied with life. Early adulthood is a period when the role of the family in the formation of personality again comes to the fore, only this family is no longer parental, but created independently.

Positive new developments of the period: intimacy and sociability. Negative neoplasms: isolation, avoidance of close relationships and promiscuity. Character difficulties at this time can develop into mental disorders.

• Average maturity: forty-five to sixty years

A wonderful stage when the process of personality formation continues in conditions of a full, creative, varied life. A person raises and teaches children, reaches certain heights in the profession, is respected and loved by family, colleagues, and friends.

If the formation of a personality is successful, a person actively and productively works on himself; if not, “immersion into himself” occurs in order to escape from reality. Such “stagnation” threatens with loss of ability to work, early disability, and embitterment.

• After sixty years of age, late adulthood begins

The time when a person takes stock of life. Extreme lines of development in old age:

1. wisdom and spiritual harmony, satisfaction with life lived, a feeling of its completeness and usefulness, lack of fear of death;
2. tragic despair, the feeling that life has been lived in vain, and that it is no longer possible to live it again, fear of death.

When the stages of personality formation are experienced successfully, a person learns to accept himself and life in all its diversity, lives in harmony with himself and the world around him.

Formation theories

Each direction in psychology has its own answer to how personality is formed. There are psychodynamic, humanistic theories, trait theory, social learning theory and others.

Some theories emerged as a result of numerous experiments, others are non-experimental. Not all theories cover the age range from birth to death; some “allocate” only the first years of life (usually until adulthood) to the formation of personality.

• The most holistic theory, combining several points of view, is the theory of the American psychologist Erik Erikson. According to Erikson, personality formation occurs according to the epigenetic principle: from birth to death, a person lives through eight stages of development, genetically predetermined, but depending on social factors and the individual himself.

In psychoanalysis, the process of personality formation is the adaptation of the natural, biological essence of a person to the social environment.

• According to the founder of psychoanalysis, Z. Fred, a person is formed when he learns to satisfy needs in a socially acceptable form and develops defense mechanisms psyche.
• In contrast to psychoanalysis, the humanistic theories of A. Maslow and C. Rogers concentrate on a person’s ability to express themselves and improve themselves. The main idea of ​​humanistic theories is self-actualization, which is also the basic human need. Human development is pushed not by instincts, but by higher spiritual and social needs and values.

The formation of personality is the gradual discovery of one’s “I”, the disclosure of inner potential. A self-actualizing person is active, creative, spontaneous, honest, responsible, free from thought patterns, wise, able to accept himself and others as they are.

The components of personality are the following properties:

1. abilities - individual properties that determine the success of a particular activity;
2. temperament – congenital features highest nervous activity, causing social reactions;
3. character - a set of cultivated qualities that determine behavior in relation to other people and oneself;
4. will – the ability to achieve a goal;
5. emotions - emotional disturbances and experiences;
6. motives – motivations for activity, incentives;
7. attitudes – beliefs, views, orientation.

Phases of personality development

In the very general view Personal development can be represented as the process of its entry into a new social environment and integration into it. The stages of personality development in a relatively stable community are called phases of personality development:

1. Personality development phase. It presupposes the active assimilation of the norms in force in the community and mastery of the corresponding forms and means of activity. Bringing with you to new group everything that constitutes his individuality, the subject cannot fulfill the need to express himself as an individual before he masters the norms in force in the group (moral, educational, production) and masters those techniques and means of activity that other members of the group possess.

2. Adaptation phase. It is generated by the intensifying contradictions between the achieved result of adaptation - the fact that the subject has become “like everyone else” in the group and the individual’s need for maximum personalization, which is not satisfied at the first stage. At this phase, the search for means and ways to designate one’s individuality and fix it increases.

3. Contradictions between the desire of the subject that developed in the previous phase to be ideally represented in other groups by his characteristics and differences that are significant for him - on the one hand, and the need of the community to accept, approve and cultivate only those individual characteristics demonstrated by him that appeal to it; correspond to its values ​​and standards; contribute to success joint activities on the other side.

For an individual belonging to a group, awareness of belonging to it is realized primarily through the acceptance of these characteristics, that is, through awareness of the fact of some mental community with other members of a given social group. We can say that the “border” of the group is perceived as the border of this mental community. Home clean psychological characteristics group is the presence of the so-called “we-feeling”. This means that the universal principle of the mental formation of a community is the distinction for the individual members of the group of a certain formation “we”, in contrast to another formation “they”. “We-feeling” expresses the need to differentiate one community from another and is a kind of indicator of awareness of belonging to a certain group. The specificity of the socio-psychological analysis of a group is manifested precisely here: real social groups, but they further define those features that together make the group a psychological community, that is, allow each of its members to identify themselves with the group.