Peoples speaking Finno-Ugric (Finnish Ugric) languages. Finno-Ugric languages. constitute one of the two branches (along with the Samoyed) level. language families. According to the linguistic principle of F.U.N. are divided into groups: Baltic Finnish (Finns, Karelians, Estonians... Ural Historical Encyclopedia
Finno-Ugric peoples of Russia Ethnopsychological Dictionary
FINNO-UGRIAN PEOPLES OF RUSSIA- the peoples of our country (Mordovians, Udmurts, Mari, Komi, Khanty, Mansi, Sami, Karelians), living in the north of the European part, in the northern, central and southern parts of the Urals and descending from the Ananyin archaeological culture (VII III... ... encyclopedic Dictionary in psychology and pedagogy
Finno-Ugric Taxon: branch Area: Hungary, Norway, Russia, Finland, Sweden, Estonia, etc. Classification ... Wikipedia
Finno-Hungarian peoples (Finno-Ugrians) a group of peoples speaking Finno-Hungarian languages, living in stripes in Western Siberia, Central and Eastern Europe. Contents 1 Representatives of the Finno-Ugric peoples 2 History 3 Links ... Wikipedia
Finno-Ugric languages- Finno-Ugric languages are a family of languages that are part of a larger genetic group of languages called the Uralic languages. Before the genetic relationship of the Samoyed languages with the Finno-Ugric languages was proven, the F.-u. I. was considered... ... Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary
Finno-Ugric (or Finno-Ugric) peoples- population speaking Finno-Ugric languages. A group of Finno-Ugric languages, one of two branches of the Uralic language family. Divided by language groups(their corresponding ethnic groups): Baltic Finnish (Finnish, Izhorian, Karelian, Lyudikovsky, ... ... Physical Anthropology. Illustrated explanatory dictionary.
Books
- Leningrad region. Did you know? , . The Leningrad region is a region with a rich history. Did you know that its territory has long been inhabited by the Slavs and Finno-Ugric peoples, who together created Northern Rus'? The great…
- Monuments of the Fatherland. Almanac, No. 33 (1-2/1995). Complete description of Russia. Udmurtia, . They have lived as good neighbors on our land for centuries. different peoples. Ancient Finno-Ugric tribes left traces of their high culture and art. Their descendants, the Udmurts, preserved the marching...
Finno-Ugric languages. Finno-Ugric languages are divided into the following groups: Baltic-Finnish, Finnish, Izhorian, Karelian, Vepsian, Estonian, Votic, Livonian languages; Volga Mordovian languages (Moksha and Erzya), also the Mari language with meadow, eastern, northwestern and mountain dialects; Perm Udmurt, Komi-Zyryan, Komi-Permyak and Komi-Yazva languages; Ugric, Khanty and Mansi, as well as Hungarian languages; Sami group of languages spoken by the Sami.
A) having their own states: Hungarians (Hungary), Estonians (Estonia), Finns (Finland); b) having their own subjects within the Russian Federation: Mari (RME), Mordovians (Republic of Mordovia), Udmurts (Republic of Udmurtia), Komi (Komi Republic), Karelians (Republic of Karelia), Khanty and Mansi (Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug). c) those who do not have their own statehood: Vepsians in Russia (2002); Izhorians 700 people: 327 people in Russia (2002); Liv people in Latvia (2000); Leading 100 people: 73 in Russia (2002). Finno-Ugric peoples:
Nationality money to ӧ ulat? – Who is the Nationality of the money to ӧ ulat? - What is your nationality? My nationality Dene Mari My nationality Dene Mari Ulam. – I am Mari by nationality. My nationality is Dene Eston My nationality is Dene Eston Ulam. – I am Estonian by nationality. My nationality is Dene Finn My nationality is Dene Finn Ulam. – I am Finnish by nationality. My nationality Dene Rush My nationality Dene Rush Ulam. – I am Russian by nationality.
To ӧ kushto ila? - Who lives where? Mari-vlak Mari Elyshte ilat Mari-vlak Mari Elyshte ilat. – Mari live in Mari El. Udmurt-vlak Udmurtiyyshte ilat. Udmurt-vlak Udmurtiyyshte ilat. – Udmurts live in Udmurtia. Karel-vlak Kareliyyshte ilat. Karel-vlak Kareliyyshte ilat. – Karelians live in Karelia. Mordva, Udmurt, Komi, Karelian, Mari-Vlak Rossiyshte Ilat. Mordva, Udmurt, Komi, Karelian, Mari-Vlak Rossiyshte Ilat. – Mordovians, Udmurts, Komi, Karelians, Mari live in Russia.
To ӧ kushto ila? - Who lives where? Finn-vlak Suomiyshte ilat. – Finns live in Suomi (Finland). Finn-vlak Suomiyshte ilat. – Finns live in Suomi (Finland). Eston-vlak Estoniyshte ilat. – Estonians live in Estonia. Eston-vlak Estoniyshte ilat. – Estonians live in Estonia. Hungarian-vlak Hungryishte ilat. – Hungarians live in Hungary. Hungarian-vlak Hungryishte ilat. – Hungarians live in Hungary. Finn, Estonian, Hungarian-vlak Russian dech ӧ rdyzht ӧ ilat. – Finns, Estonians, and Hungarians live outside Russia. Finn, Estonian, Hungarian-vlak Russian dech ӧ rdyzht ӧ ilat. – Finns, Estonians, and Hungarians live outside Russia. ӧ rdyzht ӧ – beyond ӧ rdyzht ӧ – beyond
The capitals of the Finno-Ugric peoples are Rÿdola – the capital of Rÿdola – the capital of Hungarian Rÿdolaže – Budapest. – The capital of Hungary is Budapest. Hungarian Rÿdolaže – Budapest. – The capital of Hungary is Budapest. Estonia rÿdolaže – Tallinn. – The capital of Estonia is Tallinn. Estonia rÿdolaže – Tallinn. – The capital of Estonia is Tallinn. Finlandiin rÿdolaže – Helsinki. – The capital of Finland is Helsinki. Finlandiin rÿdolaže – Helsinki. – The capital of Finland is Helsinki. Mari Elyn rodolage – Yoshkar-Ola. – The capital of Mari El is Yoshkar-Ola. Mari Elyn rodolage – Yoshkar-Ola. – The capital of Mari El is Yoshkar-Ola.
Word formation Remember: in the Mari language, derived adverbs are formed by adding suffixes to the base of nouns and adjectives. Remember: in the Mari language, derived adverbs are formed by adding suffixes to the base of nouns and adjectives. Mari – marla (mari – in Mari). Mari – marla (mari – in Mari). Saam – saamla (Saam – in Sami). Saam – saamla (Saam – in Sami). Rush - rushla (Russian - in Russian). Rush - rushla (Russian - in Russian). Udmurt - udmurtla (udmurt - in Udmurt). Udmurt - udmurtla (udmurt - in Udmurt).
I speak by... Wash gauze with oil. – I speak Mari. Wash with gauze oil. – I speak Mari. My rushla oil. - I speak Russian. My rushla oil. - I speak Russian. Wash with Finnla oil. – I speak Finnish. Wash with Finnla oil. – I speak Finnish. My Hungarian oil. – I speak Hungarian. My Hungarian oil. – I speak Hungarian. My Rushla, Marla, Tatarla Englishla, Nemychla Oilem. – I speak Russian, Mari, Tatar, English, German. My Rushla, Marla, Tatarla Englishla, Nemychla Oilem. – I speak Russian, Mari, Tatar, English, German.
Task: 1. Write in your notebook and translate into Russian: Tudo Estonian. Tudo Estoniyshte ila, estonla oila. Estonia rÿdolaže – Tallinn. 1. Write in a notebook and translate into Russian: Tudo Eston. Tudo Estoniyshte ila, estonla oila. Estonia rÿdolaže – Tallinn. 2. Using the example, write about other Finno-Ugric peoples: Mari, Udmurt, Hungarian, Mordovian. Translate into Russian. 2. Using the example, write about other Finno-Ugric peoples: Mari, Udmurt, Hungarian, Mordovian. Translate into Russian.
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Consular Section
Fax: (7 495) 691 10 73
VFS Global.
Address:
Moscow
Postal address:
5 Maly Kislovsky Pereulok
125 009 Moscow
Russian Federation
NB!
14 Bolshaya Monetnaya
197101 St Petersburg
Russian Federation
Phone: (7 812) 702 09 20
Phone: (7 812) 702 09 24
Fax: (7 812) 702 09 27
www.petersburg.site
25 Narodnaya
180016 Pskov
Russian Federation
Fax: (7 8112) 725 381
Consular Section
Phone: (7 495) 737 36 48 (weekdays 9.00 – 12.00 and 14.00 – 17.00)
Fax: (7 495) 691 10 73
Email: [email protected]
Office hours: weekdays 8.30-17.00
Closed on Saturdays, Sundays and Estonian and Russian national holidays (Public Holidays).
Visa applications may be submitted on weekdays 9.00-12.00, visas are issued 9.00-12.00.
Visa applications may also be submitted at the visa center of VFS Global.
Consul’s office hours on consular matters are on weekdays 9.30-12.00 and 14.00-16.00 (only in case of pre-registration).
Address:
8 Kalashny Pereulok (M. Arbatskaya)
Moscow
Postal address:
5 Maly Kislovsky Pereulok
125 009 Moscow
Russian Federation
NB! The Consular Section of the Estonian Embassy in Moscow serves all Russian citizens who live on the whole territory of the Russian Federation, except:
To apply for Estonian visa the residents of St Petersburg city and Leningrad oblast, Karelia, Arhangelsk oblast, Vologda oblast, Murmansk oblast and Novgorod oblast have to turn to the Consulate General of Estonia in St Petersburg:
14 Bolshaya Monetnaya
197101 St Petersburg
Russian Federation
Phone: (7 812) 702 09 20
Phone: (7 812) 702 09 24
Fax: (7 812) 702 09 27
Email: [email protected]
www.petersburg.site
Residents of Pskov city and Pskov region have to turn to the Chancery of St Petersburg’s Consulate General in Pskov:
25 Narodnaya
180016 Pskov
Russian Federation
Phone: (7 8112) 725 380 (messages)
Fax: (7 8112) 725 381
Email: [email protected]
Consular Section
Phone: (7 495) 737 36 48 (weekdays 9.00 – 12.00 and 14.00 – 17.00)
Fax: (7 495) 691 10 73
Email: [email protected]
Office hours: weekdays 8.30-17.00
Closed on Saturdays, Sundays and Estonian and Russian national holidays (Public Holidays).
Visa applications may be submitted on weekdays 9.00-12.00, visas are issued 9.00-12.00.
Visa applications may also be submitted at the visa center of VFS Global.
Consul’s office hours on consular matters are on weekdays 9.30-12.00 and 14.00-16.00 (only in case of pre-registration).
Address:
8 Kalashny Pereulok (M. Arbatskaya)
Moscow
Postal address:
5 Maly Kislovsky Pereulok
125 009 Moscow
Russian Federation
NB! The Consular Section of the Estonian Embassy in Moscow serves all Russian citizens who live on the whole territory of the Russian Federation, except:
To apply for Estonian visa the residents of St Petersburg city and Leningrad oblast, Karelia, Arhangelsk oblast, Vologda oblast, Murmansk oblast and Novgorod oblast have to turn to the Consulate General of Estonia in St Petersburg:
14 Bolshaya Monetnaya
197101 St Petersburg
Russian Federation
Phone: (7 812) 702 09 20
Phone: (7 812) 702 09 24
Fax: (7 812) 702 09 27
Email: [email protected]
www.petersburg.site
Residents of Pskov city and Pskov region have to turn to the Chancery of St Petersburg’s Consulate General in Pskov:
25 Narodnaya
180016 Pskov
Russian Federation
Phone: (7 8112) 725 380 (messages)
Fax: (7 8112) 725 381
Email: [email protected]
Consular Section
Phone: (7 495) 737 36 48 (weekdays 9.00 – 12.00 and 14.00 – 17.00)
Fax: (7 495) 691 10 73
Email: [email protected]
Office hours: weekdays 8.30-17.00
Closed on Saturdays, Sundays and Estonian and Russian national holidays (Public Holidays).
Visa applications may be submitted on weekdays 9.00-12.00, visas are issued 9.00-12.00.
Visa applications may also be submitted at the visa center of VFS Global.
Consul’s office hours on consular matters are on weekdays 9.30-12.00 and 14.00-16.00 (only in case of pre-registration).
Address:
8 Kalashny Pereulok (M. Arbatskaya)
Moscow
Postal address:
5 Maly Kislovsky Pereulok
125 009 Moscow
Russian Federation
NB! The Consular Section of the Estonian Embassy in Moscow serves all Russian citizens who live on the whole territory of the Russian Federation, except:
To apply for Estonian visa the residents of St Petersburg city and Leningrad oblast, Karelia, Arhangelsk oblast, Vologda oblast, Murmansk oblast and Novgorod oblast have to turn to the Consulate General of Estonia in St Petersburg:
14 Bolshaya Monetnaya
197101 St Petersburg
Russian Federation
Phone: (7 812) 702 09 20
Phone: (7 812) 702 09 24
Fax: (7 812) 702 09 27
Email: [email protected]
www.petersburg.site
Residents of Pskov city and Pskov region have to turn to the Chancery of St Petersburg’s Consulate General in Pskov:
25 Narodnaya
180016 Pskov
Russian Federation
Phone: (7 8112) 725 380 (messages)
Fax: (7 8112) 725 381
Email: [email protected]
Consular Section
Phone: (7 495) 737 36 48 (weekdays 9.00 – 12.00 and 14.00 – 17.00)
Fax: (7 495) 691 10 73
Email: [email protected]
Office hours: weekdays 8.30-17.00
Closed on Saturdays, Sundays and Estonian and Russian national holidays (Public Holidays).
Visa applications may be submitted on weekdays 9.00-12.00, visas are issued 9.00-12.00.
Visa applications may also be submitted at the visa center of VFS Global.
Consul’s office hours on consular matters are on weekdays 9.30-12.00 and 14.00-16.00 (only in case of pre-registration).
Address:
8 Kalashny Pereulok (M. Arbatskaya)
Moscow
Postal address:
5 Maly Kislovsky Pereulok
125 009 Moscow
Russian Federation
NB! The Consular Section of the Estonian Embassy in Moscow serves all Russian citizens who live on the whole territory of the Russian Federation, except:
To apply for Estonian visa the residents of St Petersburg city and Leningrad oblast, Karelia, Arhangelsk oblast, Vologda oblast, Murmansk oblast and Novgorod oblast have to turn to the Consulate General of Estonia in St Petersburg:
14 Bolshaya Monetnaya
197101 St Petersburg
Russian Federation
Phone: (7 812) 702 09 20
Phone: (7 812) 702 09 24
Fax: (7 812) 702 09 27
Email: [email protected]
www.petersburg.site
Residents of Pskov city and Pskov region have to turn to the Chancery of St Petersburg’s Consulate General in Pskov:
25 Narodnaya
180016 Pskov
Russian Federation
Phone: (7 8112) 725 380 (messages)
Fax: (7 8112) 725 381
Email: [email protected]
Consular Section
Phone: (7 495) 737 36 48 (weekdays 9.00 – 12.00 and 14.00 – 17.00)
Fax: (7 495) 691 10 73
Email: [email protected]
Office hours: weekdays 8.30-17.00
Closed on Saturdays, Sundays and Estonian and Russian national holidays (Public Holidays).
Visa applications may be submitted on weekdays 9.00-12.00, visas are issued 9.00-12.00.
Visa applications may also be submitted at the visa center of VFS Global.
Consul’s office hours on consular matters are on weekdays 9.30-12.00 and 14.00-16.00 (only in case of pre-registration).
Address:
8 Kalashny Pereulok (M. Arbatskaya)
Moscow
Postal address:
5 Maly Kislovsky Pereulok
125 009 Moscow
Russian Federation
NB! The Consular Section of the Estonian Embassy in Moscow serves all Russian citizens who live on the whole territory of the Russian Federation, except:
To apply for Estonian visa the residents of St Petersburg city and Leningrad oblast, Karelia, Arhangelsk oblast, Vologda oblast, Murmansk oblast and Novgorod oblast have to turn to the Consulate General of Estonia in St Petersburg:
14 Bolshaya Monetnaya
197101 St Petersburg
Russian Federation
Phone: (7 812) 702 09 20
Phone: (7 812) 702 09 24
Fax: (7 812) 702 09 27
Email: [email protected]
www.petersburg.site
Residents of Pskov city and Pskov region have to turn to the Chancery of St Petersburg’s Consulate General in Pskov:
25 Narodnaya
180016 Pskov
Russian Federation
Phone: (7 8112) 725 380 (messages)
Fax: (7 8112) 725 381
Email: [email protected]
Consular Section
Phone: (7 495) 737 36 48 (weekdays 9.00 – 12.00 and 14.00 – 17.00)
Fax: (7 495) 691 10 73
Email: [email protected]
Office hours: weekdays 8.30-17.00
Closed on Saturdays, Sundays and Estonian and Russian national holidays (Public Holidays).
Visa applications may be submitted on weekdays 9.00-12.00, visas are issued 9.00-12.00.
Visa applications may also be submitted at the visa center of VFS Global.
Consul’s office hours on consular matters are on weekdays 9.30-12.00 and 14.00-16.00 (only in case of pre-registration).
Address:
8 Kalashny Pereulok (M. Arbatskaya)
Moscow
Postal address:
5 Maly Kislovsky Pereulok
125 009 Moscow
Russian Federation
NB! The Consular Section of the Estonian Embassy in Moscow serves all Russian citizens who live on the whole territory of the Russian Federation, except:
To apply for Estonian visa the residents of St Petersburg city and Leningrad oblast, Karelia, Arhangelsk oblast, Vologda oblast, Murmansk oblast and Novgorod oblast have to turn to the Consulate General of Estonia in St Petersburg:
14 Bolshaya Monetnaya
197101 St Petersburg
Russian Federation
Phone: (7 812) 702 09 20
Phone: (7 812) 702 09 24
Fax: (7 812) 702 09 27
Email: [email protected]
www.petersburg.site
Residents of Pskov city and Pskov region have to turn to the Chancery of St Petersburg’s Consulate General in Pskov:
25 Narodnaya
180016 Pskov
Russian Federation
Phone: (7 8112) 725 380 (messages)
Fax: (7 8112) 725 381
Email: [email protected]
http://www.estoniarussia.eu
The bilateral relations of Estonia and the Russian Federation, in the form of diplomatic contacts and communication between officials and experts, are mostly aimed at solving practical issues. Similar to the entire European Union, Estonian political relations with Russia have, since 2014, been restricted due to Russian aggression in Ukraine, the illegal annexation of Crimea and Sevastopol. The main goals of the bilateral relations in the near future are enforcing border agreements and further border demarcations.
Cross-border cooperation between Estonia and Russia is successful, particularly within the framework of cooperation programs largely financed by the EU. Estonia-Latvia-Russia cross border cooperation program 2007-2014 supported 45 different projects in Estonia, Latvia and Russia in the amount of €48 million. For example, the reconstruction of border crossing points in Ivangorod and in Narva that help to increase the throughput capacity and make border crossing easier, was funded from the program. Small-craft harbors were constructed in Tartu, Mustvee and Räpina. First inland water body slipway in Estonia was built in Kallaste. Waste water treatment stations in Pskov, Gdov and Pechory and the districts of Pskov and Palkinsky were reconstructed.
Estonia-Russia cross-border cooperation program 2014-2020 (http://www.estoniarussia.eu) continues to finance cross-border projects. The program aims to support the development and competitiveness of border regions. Total amount of the program funds is €34.2 million, with most of the funding coming from the EU. Estonia will contribute €9 and Russia €8.4 million. The cooperation program helps to finance five large infrastructure projects, with €20 million in total funding: 1) development of small businesses in South-East Estonia and the district of Pskov, (connected to border crossing); 2) socio-economic and environmental development of the Lake Peipsi, including water tourism and small harbours, reconstruction of wastewater treatment facilities in the district of Pskov; 3) reconstruction of the Narva-Ivangorod fortresses ensemble; reconstruction of the Narva-Ivangorod promenade; 5) reconstruction of the Luhamaa-Shumilkino border crossing points.
The bilateral relations of Estonia and the Russian Federation, in the form of diplomatic contacts and communication between officials and experts, are mostly aimed at solving practical issues. Similar to the entire European Union, Estonian political relations with Russia have, since 2014, been restricted due to Russian aggression in Ukraine, the illegal annexation of Crimea and Sevastopol. The main goals of the bilateral relations in the near future are enforcing border agreements and further border demarcations.
Cross-border cooperation between Estonia and Russia is successful, particularly within the framework of cooperation programs largely financed by the EU. Estonia-Latvia-Russia cross border cooperation program 2007-2014 supported 45 different projects in Estonia, Latvia and Russia in the amount of €48 million. For example, the reconstruction of border crossing points in Ivangorod and in Narva that help to increase the throughput capacity and make border crossing easier, was funded from the program. Small-craft harbors were constructed in Tartu, Mustvee and Räpina. First inland water body slipway in Estonia was built in Kallaste. Waste water treatment stations in Pskov, Gdov and Pechory and the districts of Pskov and Palkinsky were reconstructed.
Estonia-Russia cross-border cooperation program 2014-2020 (http://www.estoniarussia.eu) continues to finance cross-border projects. The program aims to support the development and competitiveness of border regions. Total amount of the program funds is €34.2 million, with most of the funding coming from the EU. Estonia will contribute €9 and Russia €8.4 million. The cooperation program helps to finance five large infrastructure projects, with €20 million in total funding: 1) development of small businesses in South-East Estonia and the district of Pskov, (connected to border crossing); 2) socio-economic and environmental development of the Lake Peipsi, including water tourism and small harbours, reconstruction of wastewater treatment facilities in the district of Pskov; 3) reconstruction of the Narva-Ivangorod fortresses ensemble; reconstruction of the Narva-Ivangorod promenade; 5) reconstruction of the Luhamaa-Shumilkino border crossing points.
The bilateral relations of Estonia and the Russian Federation, in the form of diplomatic contacts and communication between officials and experts, are mostly aimed at solving practical issues. Similar to the entire European Union, Estonian political relations with Russia have, since 2014, been restricted due to Russian aggression in Ukraine, the illegal annexation of Crimea and Sevastopol. The main goals of the bilateral relations in the near future are enforcing border agreements and further border demarcations.
Cross-border cooperation between Estonia and Russia is successful, particularly within the framework of cooperation programs largely financed by the EU. Estonia-Latvia-Russia cross border cooperation program 2007-2014 supported 45 different projects in Estonia, Latvia and Russia in the amount of €48 million. For example, the reconstruction of border crossing points in Ivangorod and in Narva that help to increase the throughput capacity and make border crossing easier, was funded from the program. Small-craft harbors were constructed in Tartu, Mustvee and Räpina. First inland water body slipway in Estonia was built in Kallaste. Waste water treatment stations in Pskov, Gdov and Pechory and the districts of Pskov and Palkinsky were reconstructed.
Estonia-Russia cross-border cooperation program 2014-2020 (http://www.estoniarussia.eu) continues to finance cross-border projects. The program aims to support the development and competitiveness of border regions. Total amount of the program funds is €34.2 million, with most of the funding coming from the EU. Estonia will contribute €9 and Russia €8.4 million. The cooperation program helps to finance five large infrastructure projects, with €20 million in total funding: 1) development of small businesses in South-East Estonia and the district of Pskov, (connected to border crossing); 2) socio-economic and environmental development of the Lake Peipsi, including water tourism and small harbours, reconstruction of wastewater treatment facilities in the district of Pskov; 3) reconstruction of the Narva-Ivangorod fortresses ensemble; reconstruction of the Narva-Ivangorod promenade; 5) reconstruction of the Luhamaa-Shumilkino border crossing points.
Estonia’s air is among the cleanest in the world, and the freedom to roam is codified in law. Pick berries, mushrooms, or herbs. Go hiking. Or sit still and take inspiration from the sounds of nature.
A short ride is all that’s required to experience Estonia’s full natural diversity. Little distance separates cities and nature. Our versatile cultural heritage and seasons of the year make every visit unique.
Finno-Ugric peoples are one of the largest ethno-linguistic communities in Europe. In Russia alone there live 17 peoples of Finno-Ugric origin. The Finnish Kalevala inspired Tolkien, and Izhora fairy tales inspired Alexander Pushkin.
Who are the Finno-Ugrians?
Finno-Ugrians are one of the largest ethno-linguistic communities in Europe. It includes 24 nations, 17 of which live in Russia. The Sami, Ingrian Finns and Seto live both in Russia and abroad.
Finno-Ugric peoples are divided into two groups: Finnish and Ugric. Their total number today is estimated at 25 million people. Of these, there are about 19 million Hungarians, 5 million Finns, about a million Estonians, 843 thousand Mordovians, 647 thousand Udmurts and 604 thousand Mari.
Where do Finno-Ugric people live in Russia?
Taking into account the current labor migration, we can say that everywhere, however, the most numerous Finno-Ugric peoples have their own republics in Russia. These are peoples such as Mordovians, Udmurts, Karelians and Mari. There are also autonomous okrugs Khanty, Mansi and Nenets.
The Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug, where Komi-Permyaks were in the majority, was united with the Perm region into the Perm Territory. The Finno-Ugric Vepsians in Karelia have their own national volost. Ingria Finns, Izhoras and Selkups autonomous territory Dont Have.
Is Moscow a Finno-Ugric name?
According to one hypothesis, the oikonym Moscow is of Finno-Ugric origin. From the Komi language “mosk”, “moska” is translated into Russian as “cow, heifer”, and “va” is translated as “water”, “river”. Moscow in this case is translated as “cow river”. The popularity of this hypothesis was brought by its support by Klyuchevsky.
Russian historian of the 19th-20th centuries Stefan Kuznetsov also believed that the word “Moscow” was of Finno-Ugric origin, but assumed that it came from the Meryan words “mask” (bear) and “ava” (mother, female). According to this version, the word “Moscow” is translated as “bear”.
Today, these versions, however, are refuted, since they do not take into account the ancient form of the oikonym “Moscow”. Stefan Kuznetsov used data from the Erzya and Mari languages; the word “mask” appeared in the Mari language only in the 14th-15th centuries.
Such different Finno-Ugrians
The Finno-Ugric peoples are far from homogeneous, either linguistically or anthropologically. Based on language, they are divided into several subgroups. The Permian-Finnish subgroup includes the Komi, Udmurts and Besermyans. The Volga-Finnish group is the Mordovians (Erzyans and Mokshans) and the Mari. The Balto-Finns include: Finns, Ingrian Finns, Estonians, Setos, Kvens in Norway, Vods, Izhorians, Karelians, Vepsians and descendants of the Meri. Also, the Khanty, Mansi and Hungarians belong to a separate Ugric group. The descendants of the medieval Meshchera and Murom most likely belong to the Volga Finns.
The peoples of the Finno-Ugric group have both Caucasian and Mongoloid characteristics. The Ob Ugrians (Khanty and Mansi), part of the Mari, and the Mordovians have more pronounced Mongoloid features. The rest of these traits are either equally divided, or the Caucasian component is dominant.
What do haplogroups say?
Genetic studies show that every second Russian Y chromosome belongs to haplogroup R1a. It is characteristic of all Baltic and Slavic peoples(except for the southern Slavs and northern Russians).
However, among the inhabitants of the North of Russia, haplogroup N3, characteristic of the Finnish group of peoples, is clearly represented. In the very north of Russia, its percentage reaches 35 (the Finns have an average of 40 percent), but the further south you go, the lower this percentage is. In Western Siberia, the related N3 haplogroup N2 is also common. This suggests that in the Russian North there was not a mixing of peoples, but a transition of the local Finno-Ugric population to the Russian language and Orthodox culture.
What fairy tales were read to us?
The famous Arina Rodionovna, Pushkin’s nanny, is known to have had a strong influence on the poet. It is noteworthy that she was of Finno-Ugric origin. She was born in the village of Lampovo in Ingria.
This explains a lot in understanding Pushkin's fairy tales. We have known them since childhood and believe that they are originally Russian, but their analysis suggests that storylines some Pushkin's fairy tales go back to Finno-Ugric folklore. For example, “The Tale of Tsar Saltan” is based on the fairy tale “Wonderful Children” from the Vepsian tradition (Vepsians are a small Finno-Ugric people).
First great work Pushkin, poem "Ruslan and Lyudmila". One of its main characters is Elder Finn, a wizard and sorcerer. The name, as they say, speaks volumes. Philologist Tatyana Tikhmeneva, compiler of the book “The Finnish Album,” also noted that the connection of the Finns with witchcraft and clairvoyance was recognized by all nations. The Finns themselves recognized the ability for magic as superior to strength and courage and revered it as wisdom. It is no coincidence that main character“Kalevals” Väinemöinen is not a warrior, but a prophet and poet.
Naina, another character in the poem, also bears traces of Finno-Ugric influence. In Finnish, woman is "nainen".
Another interesting fact. Pushkin, in a letter to Delvig in 1828, wrote: “By the new year, I will probably return to you in Chukhlyandia.” This is what Pushkin called St. Petersburg, obviously recognizing the primordial Finno-Ugric peoples on this land.
Finno-Ugric languages are related to modern Finnish and Hungarian. The peoples who speak them make up the Finno-Ugric ethnolinguistic group. Their origin, territory of settlement, commonality and differences in external features, culture, religion and traditions are the subjects of global research in the field of history, anthropology, geography, linguistics and a number of other sciences. This review article will try to briefly cover this topic.
Peoples included in the Finno-Ugric ethnolinguistic group
Based on the degree of similarity of languages, researchers divide the Finno-Ugric peoples into five subgroups.
The basis of the first, Baltic-Finnish, are Finns and Estonians - peoples with their own states. They also live in Russia. Setu - a small group of Estonians - settled in the Pskov region. The most numerous of the Baltic-Finnish peoples of Russia are the Karelians. In everyday life they use three autochthonous dialects, while Finnish is considered their literary language. In addition, the same subgroup includes the Vepsians and Izhorians - small peoples who have preserved their languages, as well as the Vod (there are less than a hundred people left, their own language has been lost) and the Livs.
The second is the Sami (or Lapp) subgroup. The main part of the peoples who gave it its name are settled in Scandinavia. In Russia, the Sami live on the Kola Peninsula. Researchers suggest that in ancient times these peoples occupied a larger territory, but were subsequently pushed further north. At the same time, their own language was replaced by one of the Finnish dialects.
The third subgroup that makes up the Finno-Ugric peoples - the Volga-Finnish - includes the Mari and Mordovians. The Mari are the main part of Mari El, they also live in Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, Udmurtia and a number of others Russian regions. They have two literary language(with which, however, not all researchers agree). Mordva - autochthonous population of the Republic of Mordovia; at the same time, a significant part of the Mordvins are settled throughout Russia. This people consists of two ethnographic groups, each with its own literary written language.
The fourth subgroup is called Permian. It also includes the Udmurts. Even before October 1917, in terms of literacy level (though in Russian), the Komi were approaching the very best. educated peoples Russia - Jews and Russian Germans. As for the Udmurts, their dialect has been preserved for the most part in the villages of the Udmurt Republic. Residents of cities, as a rule, forget both the indigenous language and customs.
The fifth, Ugric, subgroup includes the Hungarians, Khanty and Mansi. Although the lower reaches of the Ob northern Urals separated from the Hungarian state on the Danube by many kilometers, these peoples are actually the closest relatives. The Khanty and Mansi belong to the small peoples of the North.
Disappeared Finno-Ugric tribes
The Finno-Ugric peoples also included tribes, mentions of which are currently preserved only in chronicles. Thus, the Merya people lived between the Volga and Oka rivers in the first millennium AD - there is a theory that they subsequently merged with the Eastern Slavs.
The same thing happened with Muroma. This is even more ancient people Finno-Ugric ethno-linguistic group, which once inhabited the Oka basin.
Long gone Finnish tribes, who lived along the Northern Dvina, are called Chudya by researchers (according to one hypothesis, they were the ancestors of modern Estonians).
Commonality of languages and culture
Having declared the Finno-Ugric languages as a single group, researchers emphasize this commonality as the main factor uniting the peoples who speak them. However, the Ural ethnic groups, despite the similarity in the structure of their languages, still do not always understand each other. Thus, a Finn will certainly be able to communicate with an Estonian, an Erzyan with a Moksha, and an Udmurt with a Komi. However, the peoples of this group, geographically distant from each other, must make quite a lot of effort to identify in their languages common features that would help them carry on the conversation.
The linguistic kinship of the Finno-Ugric peoples is primarily traced in the similarity of linguistic constructions. This significantly influences the formation of the thinking and worldview of peoples. Despite the differences in cultures, this circumstance contributes to the emergence of mutual understanding between these ethnic groups.
At the same time, the unique psychology determined by the thought process in these languages enriches universal human culture with their unique vision of the world. Thus, unlike the Indo-Europeans, the representative of the Finno-Ugric people is inclined to treat nature with exceptional respect. Finno-Ugric culture also largely contributed to the desire of these peoples to peacefully adapt to their neighbors - as a rule, they preferred not to fight, but to migrate, preserving their identity.
Also characteristic peoples of this group - openness to ethnocultural exchange. Looking for ways to strengthen relationships with related peoples they maintain cultural contacts with all those around them. Basically, the Finno-Ugric people managed to preserve their languages and basic cultural elements. The connection with ethnic traditions in this area can be seen in their national songs, dances, music, traditional dishes, and clothing. Also, many elements of their ancient rituals have survived to this day: wedding, funeral, memorial.
Brief history of the Finno-Ugric peoples
The origin and early history of the Finno-Ugric peoples remain the subject of scientific debate to this day. The most common opinion among researchers is that in ancient times there was a single group of people who spoke a common Finno-Ugric proto-language. The ancestors of the current Finno-Ugric peoples until the end of the third millennium BC. e. maintained relative unity. They were settled in the Urals and the western Urals, and possibly also in some adjacent areas.
In that era, called Finno-Ugric, their tribes came into contact with the Indo-Iranians, which was reflected in myths and languages. Between the third and second millennia BC. e. The Ugric and Finno-Permian branches separated from each other. Among the peoples of the latter, who settled in a western direction, independent subgroups of languages gradually emerged and became distinct (Baltic-Finnish, Volga-Finnish, Permian). As a result of the transition of the autochthonous population of the Far North to one of the Finno-Ugric dialects, the Sami were formed.
The Ugric group of languages disintegrated by the middle of the 1st millennium BC. e. The Baltic-Finnish division occurred at the beginning of our era. Perm lasted a little longer - until the eighth century. Big role During the separate development of these languages, contacts between Finno-Ugric tribes and Baltic, Iranian, Slavic, Turkic, and Germanic peoples played a role.
Settlement area
Finno-Ugric peoples today mainly live in Northwestern Europe. Geographically, they are settled over a vast territory from Scandinavia to the Urals, Volga-Kama, lower and middle Tobol region. Hungarians - the only people Finno-Ugric ethno-linguistic group, who formed their own state away from other related tribes - in the Carpathian-Danube region.
Number of Finno-Ugric peoples
The total number of peoples speaking Uralic languages (these include Finno-Ugric and Samoyed) is 23-24 million people. The most numerous representatives are Hungarians. There are more than 15 million of them in the world. They are followed by Finns and Estonians (5 and 1 million people, respectively). Most other Finno-Ugric ethnic groups live in modern Russia.
Finno-Ugric ethnic groups in Russia
Russian settlers flocked en masse to the lands of the Finno-Ugrians in the 16th-18th centuries. Most often, the process of their settlement in these areas occurred peacefully, but some indigenous peoples (for example, the Mari) for a long time and fiercely resisted the annexation of their region to the Russian state.
The Christian religion, writing, and urban culture, introduced by the Russians, over time began to displace local beliefs and dialects. People moved to cities, moved to Siberian and Altai lands - where Russian was the main and common language. However, he (especially his northern dialect) absorbed many Finno-Ugric words - this is most noticeable in the field of toponyms and names of natural phenomena.
In some places, the Finno-Ugric peoples of Russia mixed with the Turks, converting to Islam. However, a significant part of them were still assimilated by the Russians. Therefore, these peoples do not constitute a majority anywhere - even in those republics that bear their name.
However, according to the 2002 population census, there are very significant Finno-Ugric groups in Russia. These are the Mordovians (843 thousand people), Udmurts (almost 637 thousand), Mari (604 thousand), Komi-Zyryans (293 thousand), Komi-Permyaks (125 thousand), Karelians (93 thousand). The number of some peoples does not exceed thirty thousand people: Khanty, Mansi, Vepsians. The Izhorians number 327 people, and the Vod people number only 73 people. Hungarians, Finns, Estonians, and Sami also live in Russia.
Development of Finno-Ugric culture in Russia
In total, sixteen Finno-Ugric peoples live in Russia. Five of them have their own national-state entities, and two have national-territorial ones. Others are dispersed throughout the country.
In Russia, considerable attention is paid to the preservation of original cultural traditions inhabiting it. At the national and local level, programs are being developed with the support of which the culture of the Finno-Ugric peoples, their customs and dialects is being studied.
So, Sami, Khanty, Mansi are taught in primary school, and Komi, Mari, Udmurt, Mordovian languages - in secondary schools in the regions where they live large groups corresponding ethnic groups. There are special laws on culture and languages (Mari El, Komi). Thus, in the Republic of Karelia there is an education law that enshrines the right of Vepsians and Karelians to study in their native language. The priority for the development of the cultural traditions of these peoples is determined by the Law on Culture.
Also, the republics of Mari El, Udmurtia, Komi, Mordovia, and the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug have their own concepts and programs for national development. The Foundation for the Development of Cultures of Finno-Ugric Peoples has been created and operates (on the territory of the Mari El Republic).
Finno-Ugric peoples: appearance
The ancestors of the current Finno-Ugrians were the result of a mixture of Paleo-European and Paleo-Asian tribes. Therefore, the appearance of all the peoples of this group contains both Caucasoid and Mongoloid features. Some scientists even put forward a theory about the existence of an independent race - the Ural, which is “intermediate” between Europeans and Asians, but this version has few supporters.
Finno-Ugrians are heterogeneous in anthropological terms. However, any representative of the Finno-Ugric people possesses characteristic “Ural” features to one degree or another. This is usually of average height, very light color hair, wide face, thin beard. But these features manifest themselves in different ways. Thus, the Erzya Mordvins are tall, have blond hair and blue eyes. Mordvins-Moksha - on the contrary, are shorter, with wide cheekbones, and darker hair. The Udmurts and Mari often have characteristic “Mongolian” eyes with a special fold internal corner eyes - epicanthus, very wide faces, thin beard. But at the same time, their hair, as a rule, is blond and red, and their eyes are blue or gray, which is typical for Europeans, but not Mongoloids. The “Mongolian fold” is also found among the Izhorians, Vodians, Karelians and even Estonians. Komi people look different. Where they are mixed marriages with the Nenets, representatives of this people have braids and black hair. Other Komi, on the contrary, are more like Scandinavians, but have wider faces.
Finno-Ugric traditional cuisine in Russia
Most of the dishes of traditional Finno-Ugric and Trans-Ural cuisines, in fact, have not been preserved or have been significantly distorted. However, ethnographers manage to trace some general patterns.
The main food product of the Finno-Ugrians was fish. It was not only processed in different ways (fried, dried, boiled, fermented, dried, eaten raw), but each type was also prepared in its own way, which would better convey the taste.
Before the advent of firearms, the main method of hunting in the forest was snares. They caught mainly forest birds (grouse, wood grouse) and small animals, mainly hares. Meat and poultry were stewed, boiled and baked, and much less often, fried.
For vegetables they used turnips and radishes, and for herbs - watercress, hogweed, horseradish, onions, and young mushrooms growing in the forest. Western Finno-Ugric peoples practically did not consume mushrooms; at the same time, for the eastern ones they constituted a significant part of the diet. Oldest species grains known to these peoples are barley and wheat (spelt). They were used to prepare porridges, hot jelly, and also as a filling for homemade sausages.
The modern culinary repertoire of the Finno-Ugric peoples contains very little national traits, because it was strongly influenced by Russian, Bashkir, Tatar, Chuvash and other cuisines. However, almost every nation has preserved one or two traditional, ritual or festive dishes that have survived to this day. In total they allow us to make general idea about Finno-Ugric cooking.
Finno-Ugric peoples: religion
Most Finno-Ugrians profess the Christian faith. Finns, Estonians and Western Sami are Lutherans. Catholics predominate among Hungarians, although you can also meet Calvinists and Lutherans.
Finno-Ugrians living in are predominantly Orthodox Christians. However, the Udmurts and Mari in some places managed to preserve the ancient (animistic) religion, and the Samoyed peoples and inhabitants of Siberia - shamanism.
