His father Efim Moiseevich Fridland was a shoemaker. Boris began drawing at the age of five, and after his parents moved to Bialystok he entered a secondary school, where his older brother Mikhail also studied. There they published a handwritten school magazine together. My brother (future publicist and feuilletonist Mikhail Koltsov) edited the publication, and Boris illustrated. In 1915, he ended up in Kharkov, after Russian troops were forced to leave Bialystok during the war.
In Kharkov, Boris Efimov studied at a real school, and later moved to Kyiv. In 1918, the first cartoons by Boris Efimov of Alexander Blok, Vera Yureneva and Alexander Kugel appeared in the Kiev magazine “Spectator”. In 1919, Efimov became one of the secretaries of the editorial and publishing department of the People's Commissariat for Military Affairs of Soviet Ukraine.
Since 1920, Efimov worked as a cartoonist in the newspapers Kommunar, Bolshevik, and Visti and was the head of the visual propaganda department of YugROST in Odessa.
Since 1922, the artist moved to Moscow, where he collaborated with the newspapers Pravda and Izvestia, with the magazine Krokodil, and since 1929 with the magazine Chudak.
After the arrest of Mikhail Koltsov at the end of 1938, the artist was fired from the Izvestia newspaper and began illustrating the works of Saltykov-Shchedrin. In 1940, under the pseudonym V. Borisov, he returned to political caricature and, after the direction of Vyacheslav Molotov, was again included in the circle of masters of Soviet political caricature, with the resumption of publications in Pravda, Krokodil, Agitplakat and other publications.
From 1966 to 1990, Efimov was the editor-in-chief of the creative and production association “Agitplakat”, and the author of many political topical cartoons on international topics.
Together with Denis, D.S. Moore, L.G. Brodaty, M.M. Cheremnykh and Kukryniksy, he created a unique phenomenon in world culture - “positive satire”.
In August 2002, Efimov headed the department of caricature art of the Russian Academy of Arts, and in 2006 he took part in the preparation of the publication of the book “Autograph of the Century.”
On September 28, 2007, on his 107th birthday, he was appointed to the position of chief artist of the Izvestia newspaper, and at the age of 107 he continued to work. He wrote memoirs and drew friendly cartoons, took an active part in public life, speaking at all kinds of memorable and anniversary meetings, evenings and other events.
Boris Efimov died on October 1, 2008 in Moscow at the 109th year of his life and was buried in the columbarium of the Novodevichy Cemetery.
"TO GRANDFATHER'S VILLAGE."
Boris Efimovich Efimov was interesting personality Always. The world-famous cartoonist, who was friends with Mayakovsky and Trotsky, saw Nicholas II, talked with Stalin and was a personal enemy of Hitler, cannot be a boring person. Today Boris Efimov, who has every conceivable award and title and has created more than 40 thousand caricatures during his life, hardly draws, but he is already curious about another side of his personality: on September 28, the satirist turned 107 years old. Editor-in-Chief of Afisha D. met with Efimov and talked to him about the longevity, modern humor and gold teeth of Comrade Stalin.
Half an hour by minibus from Moscow, a bus, another bus, and then on a rain-wet highway, the actress of the Pushkin Theater Vera Leskova, the wife of Efimov’s grandson from his second marriage, picks me up in a jeep. We are driving towards Zhokhovo - here, in an inconspicuous village 70 kilometers from Moscow, Boris Efimov lives today. The apartment of the long-living satirist, which previously belonged to Tvardovsky, is located in the center of the capital, on Kutuzovsky Prospekt, but in Lately Boris Efimovich loves countryside peace more.
Since the morning, water has been pouring from the sky, deep puddles are bubbling under the impact of cold drops. Confidently turning the steering wheel, Vera asks me to “write about the fact that they have power outages” (apparently, no other methods have any effect on the local authorities), complains that in the last six months the old man’s health has deteriorated - he doesn’t hear very well. But since he had surgery on one eye and the lens was replaced, he can read again.
While I'm warming up with tea in the kitchen of a beautiful village house Efimov, completely hung with the works of the satirist and his famous colleagues, you can hear Vera waking up her grandfather behind the wall. Soon he himself appears, leaning on a cane. Legs in thick wool socks Efimov places it very carefully - he says that he is afraid of falling and breaking something. In recent years, he complains, it has increasingly been used as a reference book on 20th-century history. But now you can say whatever you want - there’s still no one to check.
“I’ll tell you frankly - I had a very good memory,” he declares, adjusting his thick glasses on his nose. “But the older I get, the worse my memory is, not better!” Now my memory is not good, I’ll tell you straight.”
Being next to Efimov is like looking at a living mammoth: it is impossible to get rid of the feeling of awe. As Panikovsky would say: “A man from an earlier time, there are no such people anymore, and soon there won’t be any.” Trotsky handed him his coat! Ilf, Petrov and Kukryniksy accepted him as a friend! He was the last to see Mayakovsky being taken to the crematorium oven!..
Efimov, Ilf, Petrov, 1933.
I'm wondering if Mayakovsky was as interesting in life as in his poems. Efimov thinks for a couple of seconds, then begins to mint words, simultaneously tapping his cane on the floor: “You see, this is such a scholastic, I would say, question. It is difficult to separate Mayakovsky the poet from Mayakovsky the man. Everyone knows Mayakovsky as a poet. It’s more difficult with Mayakovsky the man. In his own way, he was a rare personality, separate, unlike others. Even the way he ended his life is also beyond my comprehension: what happened to him, why such a tragedy suddenly happened... There are many questions. I may say it unoriginally, but in general he was a complex, unusual, outstanding person who deserves to be studied and tried to understand.”
Boris Efimov was born in Kyiv at the end of the nineteenth century and after 95 days entered the twentieth century. Already at the age of 5-6, he tried to draw others and various funny situations from life. And when his parents moved to Bialystok (at that time still a Russian city), he went to a real school, where he and his brother made a handwritten magazine, being responsible for the illustrative part of it. With the outbreak of the First World War, Bialystok ceased to be a calm city: super-powerful bombs were exploding on the streets, one of which almost killed Efimov’s older brother, the journalist Mikhail Koltsov, who was later known throughout the union. The family separated: Koltsov went to study in Petrograd, his parents returned to Kyiv, but Boris chose Kharkov, where he entered the fifth grade. He read the press with interest and once tried to draw several cartoons on politicians that time. Koltsov, already familiar with Petrograd journalism, immediately added a cartoon of the Chairman of the State Duma Rodzianko to the popular magazine “Sun of Russia”. So at the age of 16, Efimov became a cartoonist. Since then, he began drawing for the publications “Spectator”, “Kommunar”, “Red Army”, “Bolshevik” and many others, gradually moving into the genre of political caricature. In 1922, without finishing his studies at the Kiev Institute of National Economy, Boris followed his brother to Moscow to stay there forever.
“I am essentially a Kievite, I was born in Kyiv and I can consider myself one of the oldest, and maybe even the oldest Kievite. Living in Moscow, I continue to be interested in events in Ukraine. But I haven't been there for a long time. Now Ukraine is a different country, right? You could say it's next door. She now has her own face, her own character, her own history and some character traits, which Russia does not have. But I won’t be able to express my attitude towards Ukraine in a nutshell - the processes taking place with it cannot be easily characterized... Could the Union not have collapsed? – Efimov smacks his lips, collecting his thoughts. - Probably could. But... serious reasons accumulated, and something happened that could not be avoided. “Many events happened, each of which influenced the overall outcome.”
One of the collections of Efimov’s cartoons, dedicated to the Nuremberg trials (the artist was sent there by Stalin along with the Kukryniksy), is called “Lessons of History.” Indeed, the artist has the most careful attitude towards history. He answers questions mostly evasively and streamlinedly, thinks about each question for a long time and, by his own admission, tries to say only what he is completely sure of, without making any far-reaching conclusions.
“So you’re asking if I understand something about life. This is an unexpected question. Well, of course, I learned some lessons, learned something, understood something that I didn’t know before. But life is always rich in some changes, some, so to speak, new events, unforeseen sensations that are difficult and even, I would say, impossible to avoid... - The satirist sighs heavily. - You are a young man, and you must come to terms with the idea in advance - I don’t know how to formulate it - that the laws of life are unpredictable. It is difficult to be guided by them. One does not necessarily depend on the other, often everything is decided by the accompanying circumstances. And the same thing said or done by different people can have very different consequences. And this is how we live..."
Upon his arrival in Moscow, the cartoonist immediately joined newspaper life - his works are published in Rabochaya Gazeta, Krokodil, Pravda, Izvestya, Ogonyok, Prozhektor, and are published in the form of collections... And in the mid-30s x Efimov happened to visit Berlin. And it so happened that on the street he managed to see Adolf Hitler and his retinue. Later, during the war, when the cartoon image of the Fuhrer with a swastika under his nose firmly settled on the pages of the Soviet press, and leaflets with his image began to be scattered behind the front line, Hitler put Efimov on a special list of personal enemies - with the stamp “find and hang.”
“But, as you can see, he didn’t hang me,” Boris Efimovich smiles. - Did not have time. Maybe he would have hanged me if he had caught me. But he disappeared much earlier than he received such an opportunity. This was a threat, of course, quite real, because at that time Hitler was in great power and could afford such things. But it didn’t work out.”
Cartoonists Herluf Bidstrup, Jacques Effel and Boris Efimov.
In a short time, Efimov’s brother Mikhail Koltsov, as they say, soared high. The first editor-in-chief of the Krokodil magazine, the editor-in-chief of Ogonyok, where his things that were too bold for those times were often published, the initiator of the creation of many magazines (including Za Rulem) and the construction of the city of Zelenograd near Moscow, he was included in many offices, incredibly popular and loved by readers. At the end of the 30s, Koltsov visited military Spain, where he even took part in the storming of the Toledo fortress, and wrote famous book"Spanish Diaries". Hemingway made him the prototype for the Russian journalist in his novel For Whom the Bell Tolls. Mikhail's fame had no analogues. In December 1938, when Koltsov went to the theater, Stalin invited him to his box and invited him to make a report on the anniversary of the publication of “A Short Course in the History of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks).” The Generalissimo was very friendly and smiled a lot, flashing his gold teeth. Koltsov, who sincerely, deeply and almost fanatically believed in the wisdom of Stalin, took on the task with delight. Five days later, on December 12, he spoke at the Central House of Writers in front of the intelligentsia, and the report was a huge success. That same evening, Koltsov, then already the editor-in-chief of Pravda, was arrested in his own office. On February 2, 1940, after long interrogations and torture, he was shot.
Boris Efimov and Mikhail Koltsov at military maneuvers near Kiev.
“There was no reason for the arrest, and there could not have been,” recalls Efimov. - But a reason was found. The then owner disliked him. It began to seem to him that he imagined too much about himself, that he was too smart, too popular. And Stalin, a capricious man, decided: “Well, actually, why keep him? I can do without him!” I think he considered himself the master of the country, and, in general, he was. And I was almost sure that I would follow Koltsov. But the owner did not agree. He didn’t need it... As for the gold teeth, I didn’t see them myself. Koltsov saw them and told me about it. Maybe Stalin was annoyed that his brother noticed his gold teeth... The devil knows..."
While working at Ogonyok, Koltsov undertook an unprecedented experiment - he offered 25 popular Soviet writers write a collective detective novel. For a whole year, the project “Big Fires” with its sequels was published in Ogonyok, however, the writers (among whom were Green, Babel, Zoshchenko and Novikov-Priboy) turned out to be a people not very adapted to collective work - everyone pulled the plot on themselves. Therefore, in order to correct all the flaws, Koltsov had to write final chapter with his own hand.
“It happened, yes,” says Efimov. – But I don’t know whether it was published later in book form. Well, at least I didn't come across it. Well, who could publish it then if Koltsov was arrested... Nevertheless, his arrest did not affect me, and Stalin even sent me to Nuremberg. He specifically said: take this one too, let him go. He generally liked my cartoons. And I think he expected that they would be useful. That’s it – fate was decided.”
The story of how Stalin ordered Efimov over the phone for an anti-American political cartoon is widely known. After Zhdanov’s words “Comrade Stalin will speak to you,” the satirist stood up. “My legs lifted me up,” he later said in his book.
Stirring tea in a cup, I wonder what people had more towards Stalin - love or fear. "This interest Ask! Of course, they were afraid of him, and at the same time they had some kind of - here Efimov switches to a hoarse whisper - a feeling of awe, respect... How did I myself feel about him? Hard to say. I owe him a lot - first of all, life and freedom. He could well have rotted me and my brother then. And no one would ask him..."
I remind you of the story when in 1949, on the day the 10,000th issue of Izvestia was published, Efimov once again did not find himself on the list of awarded employees and, upset, wrote a letter to Stalin asking him to sort out the mistake. True, I immediately regretted it. But the Owner suddenly showed generosity - he did not waste time on trifles and soon, instead of an order, he awarded the caricaturist Stalin Prize. It turned out that Efimov - a Jew, the brother of an enemy of the people - actually beat the award out of him, which was an insolence unheard of at that time.
“Knocked out? “Well, why do you formulate it like that,” the satirist grunts slightly offended, but then begins to smile. – Although there is some truth in this. Indeed, he knew that I drew very well, and understood that I would be needed and useful someday. That's why he decided not to touch me. He even rewarded me. But, of course, I was on the verge of death.”
I ask if, after 107 years of life, he is tired of journalism. “Well, I’m quite satisfied,” Efimov answers. – I have enough journalists. Mainly, they want to understand the reasons for my age. You know my age. Many people are interested in why a person actually lives so long. Is he doing anything about it? But I don't have a recipe. And it can't be. Although, of course, this is an atypical case for a person to live so long.”
Efimov happened to write letters not only to Stalin. For example, on the eve of his 100th birthday, he congratulated the Queen of England. And I even received an answer. “Yes, we are the same age,” Boris Efimovich nods. - And they corresponded. But then it somehow dried up. She seems to have died. In general, I’m not very good at communicating with peers. I don’t meet people my age very often... I don’t know how much longer I will live, but no matter how long I live, thank you! A lot has fallen to my lot - I didn’t just, so to speak, lie on the stove and gradually grow old. I’ve seen a lot in 107 years, and not everything was good; I didn’t always understand what was happening. But I understood something else: that human life is unstable, and I was not surprised if it should have been this way, but it turned out differently.”
However, there was also something that can be called stability in Efimov’s life: from 1965 and for almost 30 years, he worked as the editor-in-chief of the Creative and Production Association “Agitplakat” at the Union of Artists of the USSR, while remaining one of its most active authors.
We are talking about modern humor. “I’m not delighted with the humor that comes to us from TV - from Zhvanetsky and others,” Efimov thinks out loud. “But in the absence of anything else, let there be such humor.” I ask who he would say is the best jokester. “We need to figure this out. Many people joked. Mayakovsky joked well! I wanted to name someone else... In general, if a person has humor, he somehow finds a common language with people, you know.”
Lately, Boris Efimovich has not been drawing satirical drawings, admitting that satire has lost its sharpness. Prefers cartoons. But he takes the question of the future of caricature seriously: “I think that caricature is an eternal art, it will never disappear, because laughing is a natural human desire.” I assume that it was laughter that prolonged his life. “Hehe! Well, you attribute a lot of this to me. Although this is an interesting thought, by the way. I’ll write it down, so to speak, here,” Efimov taps his finger on his temple. - How long I will live - only God knows, if there is one. Wait and see. I can still live, heh! - for some time. And I can cook quickly, so to speak. – His tone becomes confidential. “Although, to be honest, I don’t think there’s anything beyond that.”
Efimov’s grandson Viktor, a stern-looking man with a receding hairline, enters the kitchen. “Ver! - he says. “Will you give the cat something to eat?” “I already gave,” Vera responds, busy washing the dishes. Victor spreads his hands: “He came again. It interferes with work."
Tired from a long conversation, Boris Efimovich expresses himself in the sense that it would be nice for him to sleep again. Victor switches to him: “Why do you need to rest, sit down! You've already had enough rest, that's enough. You need to rest... You rest all day. Show me here better for the guest his books,” he pulls out from somewhere two beautifully published volumes – “My Century” and “10 Decades.” Seeing the last book, Efimov perks up: “I didn’t know it was here.” “We literally brought it from Moscow the other day,” explains Vera, wiping the plate with a towel.
The rain continues outside the windows. The tea has already finished, now we eat the cake and look at the photographs in the books. In addition to Efimov, they depict Mayakovsky, Zoshchenko, Mikhalkov Sr., Ilf and Petrov, Kukryniksy, Ranevskaya, Tsereteli, Tvardovsky, Gorbachev, Yeltsin... Separately, a caricature of Stalin is shown - in it he is with a huge mustache and in shining boots. “From nature! – Boris Efimovich comments. – 24th year. It was still possible then. Then no longer..."
I point to a photo where the famous cartoonists Herluf Bidstrup and Jean Effel are depicted hugging Efimov. Efimov confirms: “I was friends with Bidstrup, and with Effel too. True, not for long. Effel died early. Look, there are many more illustrations there. In general, I don’t like to be photographed, my appearance is uninteresting.”
I ask how he feels about alcohol. Efimov doesn’t hear - he has already slowly begun to nod off. “Sometimes he likes to have a glass,” Vera prompts. “He prefers cognac.”
“I was sleeping when you came,” the satirist apologizes with a sleepy grin. – I must say that my longest activity is sleeping. And dreams - ohh! This is my most treasured pastime. I see dreams all the time, and such interesting dreams! Now I'll go watch them again. So thank you for your interest in my humble person,” he extends his hand to me. Efimov’s palm is dry and strong.
When I, having finished reading the books, go out onto the glassed-in terrace to go back to Moscow, Boris Efimovich is indeed already snoring, curled up on the sofa. Due to his thinness, from a distance he can be mistaken for a child. But this impression is deceptive, and I know that in reality a true giant of spirit is hiding in a fragile body. The wisdom that emanates from this man in waves will fall like gold powder from me for at least two more weeks.
About Boris Efimov was filmed documentary"Three centuries of one man."
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Text prepared by Artyom Yavas
01:52 — REGNUM
Boris Efimov for his long life managed to be a pre-revolutionary, Soviet and Russian cartoonist. He saw Nicholas II, Hitler, Stalin, dined with Utesov, drank vodka with Voroshilov, witnessed two world wars and three revolutions. WITH a telling surname Fridland and his repressed brother Boris Efimov managed to live to an honorable 108 years. Nikolai Bukharin, at whose trial he was present, said that “this great artist is at the same time a very smart and observant politician.” Perhaps this is what helped Boris Efimov survive and sketch the entire history of the country in the twentieth century.
Ivan Shilov © IA REGNUM
Misha and Borya
The future cartoonist was born in Kyiv into the family of shoemaker Efim Moiseevich Fridland on September 28, 1900, just four months into the 19th century. Later, when it becomes unsafe to be Friedland in the Soviet Union, Boris will take a pseudonym in honor of his father. His older brother would also change his last name, becoming the famous publicist and journalist Mikhail Koltsov, falsely accused of espionage and executed in the 1940s. Perhaps few people influenced Boris as much as his brother.
But at the dawn of his life, little Boris still does not expect anything like this and is only offended by Misha when in 1902, during a photo shoot, the eldest was given a gun to hold, and the youngest only got a net with a ball.
“This was the first, but far from the last, disappointment in my long life,” he writes.
Efimov claimed that he remembered himself from this very age: from two years old. It is difficult to rely on a narrator who, after so much time, rethinks the events of his life, his own thoughts and feelings, but, on the other hand, there are also not many reasons not to trust Efimov. And it is known that he had an amazing memory, and even after exceeding a hundred, the artist could still recite Tvardovsky’s ballad by heart.
The Friedlands very quickly moved from the beautiful city of Kyiv to the city of Bialystok, which inspired little children, and Efimov never found out why this happened. It was there that they found the Russian-Japanese War of 1904-1905. The alien-sounding words “Port Arthur”, “Mukden”, “hunhuzy”, “shimoza”, “Tsushima” frightened the child, the soldiers in huge Manchurian hats, the names of the tsarist generals Kuropatkin, Grippenberg and Rennenkampf, the names of the Japanese marshals Oyama, were imprinted in his memory. Togo, Nogi, the death of the battleship "Petropavlovsk" with the artist Vereshchagin on board.
“Adults’ conversations about these terrible events excited children’s imaginations. However, ahead were events no less terrible, but closer - the revolution of 1905. Of course, I, a five-year-old boy, could not understand the essence of the events that shook the country, which burst into our lives with days of unrest, street shootings, pogroms and robberies,” writes Efimov.
One day, my father, trying to understand what was happening on the street, stood at the window with him in his arms and managed to duck when a revolver bullet pierced the glass exactly in the place where Boris’s head had been a second before.
Porridge from Richelieu
Just when Tsar Nicholas granted the country a constitution and the first State Duma was convened, it was time for Boris and Mikhail to go to school. The guys entered the Bialystok real school - secondary educational institution, where, unlike the gymnasium, Latin and Greek were not taught. It was assumed that they would become builders, engineers or technologists, but both boys found their calling in the press.
Efimov says that he started drawing at almost five years old. He was not interested in doing this from life; he did not like to depict houses, trees, cats and horses - what children are usually drawn to. From the pen of Boris came figures and characters created by his own imagination, “fed on snatches of adult conversations, stories from her older brother and, most of all, the content of historical books she read”. He even got himself a special thick notebook for such drawings, in which, in his own words, there was a “wild mess” of Richelieu, Garibaldi, Dmitry Donskoy, Napoleon, Abraham Lincoln and even God for some reason in the form of a bearded man in a kamilavka.
Drawing, by the way, was the only subject that Efimov almost failed - he barely got a C, which upset everyone at home. But already at school, his brother Mikhail noticed the younger’s talent, and together they began publishing a handwritten school magazine. Misha edited it, and Boris painted it. As it turned out, this bore fruit.
Blood and Nikolai
Boris Efimov once saw Nicholas II. It was in Kyiv in 1911, when Boris accompanied his father on a trip to small homeland. The boy looked at the city with admiration, which he left at 4 months. And it so happened that at the same time the sovereign also visited there to unveil a monument to his grandfather, Alexander II. I really wanted to see the Tsar, even though the eleven-year-old boy had no sympathy for him - the adults’ conversations about Khodynka, “Bloody Sunday” and the fact that Nicholas allegedly went to the French embassy for a ball immediately after this tragedy to dance with the ambassador’s wife were too fresh in his memory .
Boris and his father made their way to the front row of the crowded crowd, and the boy got a good look at the emperor riding with his august family in a large open carriage.
“To my naive surprise, he was not wearing a gold crown and ermine robe, but a modest military jacket. Taking off his cap, he bowed to both sides,” - Efimov recalled.
Kyiv was in a festive, high spirits. But three days later the city was shocked by the murder of Stolypin - he was shot from a Browning in Gorodskoye opera house in the presence of the emperor during the play “The Tale of Tsar Saltan.” The death of the Chairman of the Council of Ministers was shrouded in many mysteries. They said that the tsar did not like him - Stolypin was too smart, strong-willed, and a strong politician. Stolypin supposedly understood everything and the last days of his life were depressed and gloomy. This is far from latest event not just national, but, perhaps, global significance, which Efimov will testify to and about which he will have to draw his own conclusions.
The family miraculously did not end up in Germany in 1914. As a rule, they went there for the summer, and the guys were already looking forward to the next trip, but a relative died and they remained in the country. Boris Efimov “as always” read the newspapers, from where he learned that in the distant Serbian city of Sarajevo, a high school student with the curious surname Princip was shot dead on the street of the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, Franz Ferdinand, and his wife. The First World War began.
At first, everyone, including the Friedlands themselves, was overwhelmed by patriotism, people sang “God Save the Tsar” in chorus, followed immediately by “La Marseillaise” and the Belgian anthem. But the ardor quickly evaporated along with the success of the Russian army. Already in the summer of 1915, the front was dangerously close to Bialystok, the Russian army was retreating, and German zeppelins appeared in the sky every now and then. Residents rushed out of the city. Fridlyanda's parents returned to Kyiv, the eldest Mikhail went to Petrograd, and Boris went to Kharkov to continue studying, and at the same time draw caricatures, sending them to his brother in the capital. Mikhail did there fast career feuilletonist. Boris Fridlyand didn’t really count on anything, when suddenly in 1916 he came across his own cartoon of State Duma Chairman Rodzianko in the fairly popular magazine “Sun of Russia”. The cartoon was signed “Bor. Efimov."
Boris Efimov learned that a revolution had come in the capital in 1917 in Kyiv, in the theater, when someone from the administration stood on stage and read out a text about the abdication of the sovereign. According to Efimov, the audience greeted this with an ovation and “La Marseillaise.”
Koltsov and Efimov
After the change of power, the young artist quickly began working for the benefit of the Soviets. He goes to work as secretary of the editorial and publishing department of the People's Commissariat for Military Affairs of Soviet Ukraine, where he manages the production of newspapers, posters and leaflets. And again his brother, journalist Mikhail Koltsov, played a role in his fate and career: he returned to Kyiv and asked the younger one to come up with a cartoon for his newspaper “Red Army”. And so the hobby turns into a sharp weapon of the authorities. Since 1920, Efimov has worked as a cartoonist in the newspapers Kommunar, Bolshevik, and Visti. After the expulsion of the White Poles and Petliurites from Kyiv, he headed the art and poster department of the Kyiv branch of UkrROSTA and led the campaign for the Kyiv railway junction. In 1922, Boris Efimov moved to Moscow and became the youngest employee of the Izvestia newspaper, finally settling in the world of political satire.
Efimov was published in Pravda, and in 1924 the Izvestia publishing house published the first collection of his works, the foreword to which was sketched by the hero of the Civil War and member of the Central Committee Leon Trotsky, who was delighted by the witty art.
The massive and extremely popular magazine “Ogonyok” began to be published in Moscow in 1923. The initiator of the publication was Mikhail Koltsov. According to Efimov, it was he, his younger brother, who managed to convince the authorities to leave this name - then Glavlit was headed by Mordvinkin, with whom Efimov worked in Kyiv. Efimov, on the instructions of his brother, rushed to Glavlit on a motorcycle specially obtained for this occasion and literally “snatched permission from him”, because he was very afraid of upsetting and disappointing his brother. Mayakovsky’s poem “We Don’t Believe” about Lenin’s illness appeared in the first issue.
Perhaps it was luck with the release of the illustrated “Ogonyok” that drew a line under the life of Mikhail Koltsov. One day he told his brother how Stalin had summoned him to the Central Committee.“The name of Stalin did not yet cause panic fear”,- notes Efimov.
Joseph Vissarionovich remarked to Koltsov in a private conversation that his comrades on the Central Committee noticed in Ogonyok a certain servility towards Trotsky, as if the magazine would soon publish about "in what closets" Lev Davydovich walks. The confrontation between the two leaders had long been known, but Koltsov was still struck by the openness with which Stalin expressed his thoughts about the current chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic. Then Mikhail Koltsov said that, in fact, he received a severe reprimand from the Secretary General.
“Alas, it was something more than a reprimand... But this became clear many years later,” - wrote his younger brother.
Mikhail Koltsov lived only 42 years, after which he was shot on false charges of espionage. In December 1938, Koltsov was arrested and recalled from Spain, where he worked for Pravda and also carried out all sorts of “unofficial” party assignments.
Koltsov's arrest was a sensational event. Konstantin Simonov called it the most dramatic, unexpected and “not to go through any gates” episode. Then we got used to it. Efimov remained free, but hastily crossed to the other side of the street, as soon as he saw his acquaintances, so as not to put people in an awkward position by having to greet the brother of the “enemy of the people.”
Koltsov was charged with the most standard charges for the Great Terror. He was kept in Moscow. One day a bell rang in Efimov’s apartment. At the other end of the line they tried to "Say hello from MEK". "Did you understand? - asked an unfamiliar voice. “I don’t understand,” I answered. - Not understood? Well, then all the best...". Efimov hung up and shrugged. And only half an hour later it dawned on him: MEK is Mikhail Efimovich Koltsov. Why did this idiot caller go too far with the conspiracy? Efimov rushed around the apartment, hoping that the phone would ring again. But he was silent. Apparently, the caller decided that the artist understood him perfectly, but was afraid to continue the conversation. So he missed the opportunity to find out at least something about his brother.
On February 2, 1940, Mikhail Koltsov was shot. Efimov recalls that during his life his brother, despite his sharp mind and language, even in some way admired Stalin. At least, he absolutely sincerely paid tribute to the powerful, impressive personality of the “Boss”, as he called him. Moreover, he did this not out of fear or servility.
“More than once, with genuine pleasure, bordering on admiration, my brother recounted to me individual remarks, remarks and jokes that he had heard from him. He liked Stalin. And at the same time, Mikhail continued, due to his “risky” nature, to dangerously test his patience. And then - more. Koltsov wrote feuilletons, compared to which “The Riddle-Stalin” was an innocent, timid joke,” - said Efimov.
In 1939, World War II began. Against the backdrop of such cataclysms of sorrow and misfortune "individual people" meant little, argues Efimov.
“But it didn’t make it any easier for ‘individuals’ like me,” he says.
Perhaps the cartoonist learned from his brother’s experience how not to behave. He himself, as a relative of the “enemy of the people,” was waiting for arrest. His nerves gave way, so in the first days of 1939 he went to the editor-in-chief of Izvestia, Yakov Selikh, and directly asked whether he should write a statement on his own. They didn't let him go. “We don’t know anything bad about you except good things.”. In addition, outside a narrow circle in Moscow, almost no one knows that the publicist Koltsov and the cartoonist Efimov are brothers. So the public won't notice anything. But they also refused to publish Efimov in Izvestia. So he finally quit and began illustrating the works of Saltykov-Shchedrin. To return to the profession, he needed Molotov’s personal protectorate.
Pet and Master
Efimov’s personal tragedy was integrated into the political processes of the late 1930s. Key figure in "Gorky murder case" and the subsequent reprisal of the old Leninist guard at that moment was Nikolai Bukharin. Efimov, of course, knew him personally and considered him a man of enormous erudition and brilliant oratorical talent. Such "party favorite" I would not have lived long under Stalin. And the point, of course, was not that the first called on the people to enrich themselves at a good moment, and the second advocated general collectivization and, in fact, the impoverishment of the peasants.
Efimov first met Bukharin back in 1922, when he was editor of Pravda. By pure chance, Efimov personally gave him his cartoon, which he tried to publish there. Bukharin appreciated it. Some time later, when Efimov’s next collection came out, one of the still leaders even wrote a laudatory review, calling him a brilliant master of political caricature.
“He has one remarkable quality, which, unfortunately, is not often encountered: this great artist is at the same time a very smart and observant politician.”
Bukharin did not delude himself about his prospects, Efimov believes. On December 2, 1934, Efimov and other Izvestia employees were sitting in the editor’s office. The telephone on Bukharin's desk rang. After listening to the message and hanging up, Nikolai Bukharin paused, ran his hand over his forehead and said:
“Kirov was killed in Leningrad.” “Then he looked at us with unseeing eyes and added in some strange indifferent tone: “Now Koba will shoot us all,” — writes Efimov. He called the trial of Bukharin historical in its cynicism.
Nightmare
This was not the only high-profile trial of the century at which the artist was present, and not the only historical figures, which he managed to sketch from life. He saw both Hitler and Mussolini, and made sketches of Goering and Ribbentrop from life during Nuremberg trials, where he was sent along with the Kukryniksy. Even here, Efimov believes, the imprint of Mikhail Koltsov’s glory lay on him.
The artist received international recognition. Even during the war, his cartoons about the second front were also published in British newspapers, for example, “The Sword of Damocles,” which ended up in the Manchester Guardian. Moreover, the content of these cartoons was retold on the radio. The famous collection of cartoons “Hitler and His Pack” also gained popularity in the Allied countries. There he portrayed the “Berlin gang”: Goering, Hess, Goebbels, Himmler, Ribbentrop, Ley, Rosenberg and, of course, the Fuhrer himself. Readers were explained, for example, that “The ideal Aryan should be tall, slender and blond”, accompanied by unflattering caricatures of German leaders.
And in the spring of 1947, Stalin himself became a co-author of one of Efimov’s works. Efimov was summoned to the Kremlin, where Andrei Zhdanov met him. He explained that the Boss had the idea to laugh at the US desire to penetrate into the Arctic, since from there they allegedly threatened "Russian danger", and Comrade Stalin immediately remembered the talents of Boris Efimov, whose brother had recently been shot for treason.
“I won’t hide that at the words "Comrade Stalin remembered you..." my heart sank. I knew too well that falling into the orbit of the memories or attention of Comrade Stalin is mortally dangerous,” - the artist recalls.
Stalin came up with the plot of the cartoon himself: a heavily armed Eisenhower is approaching the deserted Arctic, and an ordinary American asks the general why he needed such absurdity. It had to be done immediately.
“I knew that the Master doesn’t like it when his instructions are not followed. When he is informed that the drawing was not received on time, he will most likely instruct Comrade Beria to “figure it out.” And Lavrentiy Pavlovich Beria will need no more than forty minutes to get me to admit that I thwarted Comrade Stalin’s mission on behalf of American intelligence, in whose service I have been for many years,” - says Efimov. But he made it.
Stalin liked the drawing, even if he made a few changes to the text. Efimov was again summoned to the Kremlin to see Zhdanov. The latter reported that the leader had already called and asked if Efimov had arrived, and Zhdanov lied, as if Efimov had been waiting at the reception for half an hour.
“Phantasmagoria,” I thought. - Nightmare. Stalin asks Zhdanov about me.”
The cartoon “Eisenhower Defends” was published two days later in Pravda.
And yet, despite his awe and even horror of the “Master”, which Efimov describes in such detail and repeatedly in autobiographical notes, ambition spurred him to complain to Stalin personally in writing when in 1949 he was not nominated for a state award. Everything ended well for the artist, and he received the award. She was far from the last. Having survived the debunking of the cult, and the Khrushchev thaw, and the Brezhnev stagnation, and perestroika, and the Yeltsin reforms, Boris Efimov was awarded this ever-changing state more than once. And although the content of Efimov’s cartoons changed with each system, his style and attention to detail remained unchanged.
When there's no time to laugh
Boris Efimov headed the Creative and Production Association “Agitplakat” under the Union of Artists of the USSR for 30 years in a row. It is believed that it was he, together with Denis, Moore, Brodaty, Cheremnykh, Kukryniksy, who created such a phenomenon in world culture as "positive satire".
In August 2002, the 102-year-old artist headed the caricature art department of the Russian Academy of Arts, and on his 107th birthday, in 2007, Boris Efimov was appointed to the position of chief artist of the Izvestia newspaper. Until the end of his days he participated in public life, wrote and painted. Boris Efimov died in the capital at the age of 109. Russian President Dmitry Medvedev sent a telegram of condolences to his family.
“A contemporary of the 20th century, Boris Efimovich Efimov was rightfully considered a classic of caricature,” - the document said.
Of course, it was not Dmitry Anatolyevich who came up with the idea of calling Efimov a contemporary of the twentieth century. This nickname has been passed down from mouth to mouth for many years.
“We often say: history repeats itself. And it is, indeed, repeated, I think, not only in large-scale political events, but also in less significant things,” - wrote a man who was in his lifetime - or in his three centuries? — I saw, it seems, everything.
Boris Efimov believed that a sense of humor is a precious property of human character. But it is a hundred times more valuable when people have absolutely no time to laugh.
Boris Efimov.
And life lasted longer than a century...
On the night of October 1, one of the most outstanding people of our time passed away. At the age of 108, the famous Soviet cartoonist, Hero of Socialist Labor, three-time winner of the USSR State Prize, member of the USSR Academy of Arts, and later the Russian Academy of Arts, Boris Efimovich Efimov, died.
Boris Efimov - everyone who knew him personally mentions this - was an amazing person. He knew how to approach life in such a way that one got the complete impression of flirting with fate, and he simply tried to breathe deeply and live every day as if this day were the last. “Even Allah cannot make what was not what was” - this was Boris Efimov’s favorite saying. It became his life credo: what’s the point of regretting what happened? You just need to move without looking back. You just need to go through all the troubles, remain uninvolved, and not allow something bad to take over your thoughts and feelings. You need to abstract yourself from life and look at everything with the slightly cynical half-smile of a person who understands everything. Perhaps it was this attitude to life that became the main reason for the artist’s longevity.
During his life, Boris Efimov had to see a lot: two wars, Soviet power, Stalin's terror, the collapse of an empire, the formation of a new state. He knew Lenin, Mussolini, communicated with Stalin - the Generalissimo was very fond of Efimov’s works and even sometimes personally edited them, asking the artist to make some changes to the drawing. The artist invariably followed instructions from above, although he sincerely considered Stalin to be mediocre. Boris Efimov also maintained an acquaintance with Lev Davidovich Trotsky, whom he greatly respected and valued. That, however, did not stop him from depicting Trotsky and his like-minded people in his caricatures.
Boris Efimov began collaborating with our magazine about ten years ago. He came to Lechaim thanks to his acquaintance with one of our best editors, Musya Iosifovna Vigdorovich. If you carefully leaf through the magazine's files, number by number, the name of Boris Efimovich Efimov will appear more than a dozen times on the pages of our publication. The collaboration with the artist was very fruitful: dozens of letters came to his name - articles by Boris Efimov, which he often illustrated himself, aroused constant interest among the reader.
One day, Boris Efimovich gave a gift to the chief rabbi of Russia, Berl Lazar: he presented an old women's prayer book, which he found in Majdanek during the liberation of this death camp by Soviet troops. Some uncontrollable force led Efimov to the women’s barracks and forced him to find in the corner a small, battered book with a translation into German. The artist brought it home from the front and gave it to his mother, and when she died, he gave it to the synagogue.
Boris Efimovich Efimov ( real name Fridland) was born on September 28, 1900 in Kyiv. He started drawing early - already at the age of five his pencil was quite lively. Boris Efimov has repeatedly mentioned that he never studied artistic skill, he learned the craft exclusively through practice. From the early childhood young artist he was little attracted to everything that children usually pay attention to: he was much more interested in puppies, kittens and flowers in people, their emotions and characters. Already at this age, the boy learned to notice funny things in those around him and masterfully transfer this funny thing to paper.
In 1914, the Fridland family moved to the Polish city of Bialystok, where Boris and his older brother, the future publicist Mikhail Koltsov, who did not survive the repressions of 1937, entered a real school. The first more or less serious experience artistic work became a handwritten school magazine, which the brothers decided to publish at the school. Mikhail took over the editorial work, Boris took up illustrating.
He was sixteen when his first cartoon was published in the illustrated magazine “Sun of Russia”, popular in those years. The teenager made a cartoon of State Duma Chairman Mikhail Rodzianko from photographs and sent the fruits of his labors to St. Petersburg. Imagine Boris’s surprise when he saw his work in the new issue of the magazine. From this moment the creative path of the famous cartoonist begins.
Feeling that others liked his drawings, Boris decided to take it seriously. He began drawing cartoons of famous contemporaries: poet Alexander Blok, actress Vera Yureneva, director Alexander Kugel appeared on the pages of his albums. But the matter could not be limited to cartoons, and then sharp political cartoons began to appear from under his pencil. Using the series of color drawings “Conquerors,” you can study the chronicle of the rapidly changing authorities in Kyiv: German, White Guard, Petliura. With the advent of Soviet power in Ukraine, Efimov got a job as secretary of the Editorial and Publishing Department at the People's Commissariat for Military Affairs. His cartoons and propaganda drawings constantly appear on the pages of local newspapers and magazines.
However, the scale of the work could not satisfy such an active person as Boris Efimov. In 1922, he moved to Moscow, and “his” publications became “Rabochaya Gazeta”, “Krokodil”, “Pravda”, “Izvestia”, “Ogonyok”, “Prozhektor”; Albums with the artist’s works began to be published. From this time on, political satire became Efimov’s specialization.
He produces caricatures of many Western political figures: in the 1920s these were Hughes, Deladier, Chamberlain; in the 1930s and 1940s - Hitler, Goebbels, Goering and Mussolini; then Churchill, Truman and many others. The artist does not forget about domestic political figures. During the Second World War, the name of Boris Efimov and his caricatures of the leaders of the Reich were widely known in Germany. He was one of the first on the list under the heading “Find and hang.”
The Great Patriotic War became an important milestone in the life of Boris Efimov. Already on the sixth day after the German attack on Soviet Union A group of writers and artists, which included Efimov, created the TASS Windows workshop. Reports from the front and the latest international reports were immediately turned into posters that were hung on Moscow streets, replicated and sent to the rear, supporting people in the most difficult times for them, instilling faith in victory.
In 1954, Boris Efimovich was elected a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Arts, and a year later he became a member of the board of the Union of Artists of the USSR. Then came the well-deserved titles “People’s Artist of the RSFSR” and “People’s Artist of the USSR”.
Boris Efimov drew his latest political caricature of Mikhail Gorbachev and Boris Yeltsin. It ended the 20th century and the artist’s career - in his own words, in the new century the time of the war of ideologies had passed, and there were simply no objects left for his pencil. In just 86 years of his artistic career, Efimov created tens of thousands of political cartoons, propaganda posters, humorous drawings, illustrations, cartoons, as well as easel series of satirical drawings for regional, group and all-Union art exhibitions. He has dozens of satirical albums, as well as a number of books of memoirs, stories, essays, articles, studies on the history and theory of cartooning.
On Saturday, October 4, Moscow said goodbye to the famous artist. More than a thousand people gathered for the civil memorial service and funeral - hundreds of friends and acquaintances, of whom Efimov had simply a huge number; Dozens of students and followers accompanied the artist to his burial place at the Novodevichy cemetery in the capital. Among other official and unofficial persons, the Chief Rabbi of Russia Berl Lazar expressed his condolences to the family of Boris Efimovich: “I am sure that the feeling of grief is shared with me today by many thousands of Jews - not only in Russia, but throughout the world. After all, Boris Efimovich was a living legend for all of us. He captured everything for posterity Russian history XX century, from the collapse of the tsarist regime to the fall of communism and the acquisition of long-awaited freedom. The artist's talent is a universal phenomenon, his means of expression are supranational. But as a person, Boris Efimovich always remained a Jew, embodying all the best that characterizes Russian Jewry - a sharp critical mind and warmth of soul, the ability to express the views of all people, regardless of origin, and at the same time commitment to the historical memory of his people. We will always remember Boris Efimovich, and I am sure that his bright image will remain in the hearts of many more generations.”
Today would have been the 115th anniversary of the Soviet artist Boris Efimovich Efimov. This formulation may seem unusual - where has it been seen that a living person turns so many years old! - if not for the fact that Boris Efimovich passed away after celebrating his 108th birthday. So what could come true, why not? - but, alas, it didn’t happen.
I had the opportunity to meet Boris Efimovich several times. These were quite business meetings, we were talking about the publication of one and a half dozen of his cartoons in one historical book. Then he was “only” 95 years old. But, I won’t hide, I was interested in talking with a person who seemed like living history to me. After all, his first caricature - of the Chairman of the State Duma Rodzianko - was published back in 1916 in the illustrated magazine “Sun of Russia”, popular in those years. When I listed the cartoons I had selected for publication, one of the first that came across was an old caricature of A.F. Kerensky - “Kerensky’s Offensive... on the Workers” from the magazine “Crocodile” for 1922. 
It is quite possible that Efimov has not seen her since then, that is, more than 70 years - and during this time he drew more than 40 thousand drawings, caricatures, posters... - but then he instantly recognized her and nodded his head:
- Yes, this is in connection with the June offensive of 1917...
During the civil war, Efimov drew and published caricatures of Lenin and Trotsky in Kyiv White Guard newspapers. One of them - he himself spoke about this - was this: Lenin asks Trotsky - “How many devoted people do we have in our country?” "All!" - Trotsky answers. The meaning of the pun is clear: these two traitors, Ilyich and Davidich, betrayed every single one of them... :)
Then, in the 20s, Efimov managed to make friends with Trotsky, and he even wrote a laudatory preface to his first book of drawings. Efimov, in turn, drew friendly cartoons of the leader of the Red Army, like this: 
He met with Trotsky, already expelled from the party, disgraced, at his home - this was definitely a brave act (Efimov himself was a non-party member). If you look at it from the point of view of our knowledge, he is so downright recklessly bold (although it may not have seemed so then). It turned out that I now knew Lev Davidovich “through one handshake” - which was also interesting. At that meeting, Trotsky said to Efimov:
- And your brother seems to have joined the Thermidorians.
It was about the journalist Mikhail Efimovich Koltsov, sibling artist.
“I remained silent,” Efimov wrote about this later. “I thought that this was hardly the time and place to tell the defeated and exiled Trotsky that Koltsov joined the Thermidorians not out of fear or servility, but because, like the majority of party members, he believed “that Stalin’s so-called general line is more reasonable and more necessary for the country than his, Trotsky’s, permanent revolution.”
By the way, above the desk in Efimov’s home office, a large oil portrait of Mikhail Koltsov, who, as you know, was shot in 1940 as a “Trotskyist,” caught my eye. It’s strange: while Trotsky considered Koltsov a Thermidorian, Stalin continued to consider him a Trotskyist...
That meeting between Efimov and Trotsky ended like this: “We went out into the hallway, and then something happened that became a fact of my biography. Trotsky took his coat off the hangers and handed it to me. I gasped: “What are you talking about, Lev Davydovich!” - “No, no, put it on." I was nervous, barely getting my hands into the sleeves, and then, I won’t hide it, I said: “Have a nice journey, Lev Davydovich!” We hugged and kissed.”
Later, in the 30s, Boris Efimovich, as he himself wrote, “drew vile caricatures of Bukharin and Trotsky, whom he sincerely respected.” He also knew Bukharin well from his work at Izvestia...
About which, already during the years of perestroika, he published a note in Ogonyok under the heading “I regret.” And then in an interview he returned to this topic more than once: “Even now I am ashamed of them... [For] the drawings where I depicted Trotsky, Bukharin, people whom I deeply respected.” “This is still my pain. He [Trotsky] favored me, but I couldn’t refuse to draw him, they would have dealt with me right away. I did it reluctantly and imagined Lev Davidovich looking at these cartoons and thinking: well what a bastard!"
I knew all this, but at the same time I really wanted to include a caricature of Bukharin in the form of a “damned cross between a fox and a pig,” according to Vyshinsky, in the book. And I carefully started talking about this, offered to place it, if necessary, along with a short excerpt from the article “I’m sorry,” but Boris Efimovich said, as if he had snapped: “No, no!..” (By the way, in the conversation Efimov succinctly remarked : “If this caricature had not existed, then I would not have existed”).
Then I tried to quickly flip through the famous drawing from among those selected for publication, where, if you look closely, the same acquaintances of Boris Efimovich - Lev Davidovich and Nikolai Ivanovich - were writhing in the “Stalinist hedgehog glove” of People’s Commissar Yezhov. :) 
I believed that, after all, the “Gauntlets of Steel” had already become a fact of history a long time ago, and it would be strange to keep silent about them. And Efimov agreed to the publication of this laudatory drawing of 1933 - “The Captain of the Country of Soviets leads us from victory to victory”, good-naturedly, although with some annoyance, laughing at the sight of it:
- Well, what happened, happened. 
Then I asked Efimov to sign the published book (which I usually never did, but in this case I decided to make an exception for such a “historical” person), and he composed a long inscription in which he listed all his Soviet regalia and titles. Which in 1996 looked, admittedly, somewhat forlorn - just like a magnificent, loud and fear-inducing title of nobility after the abolition of the aristocracy...
P.S. This is what he wrote to me then, first indicating my first and last name: “...to the editor of this volume with a feeling of sincere admiration for the enormous and excellent work that gives our young generation the opportunity to get a vivid and expressive idea of the past of Russia, of the complex and unforgettable events of our history. Many, many thanks on behalf of the older and oldest generations.
Boris Efimov,
contemporary with the twentieth century, folk artist RSFSR and USSR, academician Russian Academy arts, Hero of socialist labor.
January 25, 1996."
