At the Institute of Medical and Biological Problems, electronics are taught to recognize illness by exhalation [photo]
What smells?
Colleagues read a funny piece of news: “Can you imagine, there’s a guy at NASA who’s been sniffing astronauts for forty years! Do we have something like that? Will you write it?”
To my shame, I knew nothing about the professional “sniffer” at NASA. Although I have written about smells in space more than once. In the early 2000s, I participated in the SFINCSS experiment. Before the start of the flights of real astronauts to the International Space Station, we, several test crews, were put into tanks resembling orbital modules and sent on a “flight”. Everything was like in orbit: the atmosphere, the noise of the fans. Only without weightlessness.
James Aldrich has been sniffing astronauts' clothes for 40 years. Photo: NASA.
It turned out that you quickly get used to the specific atmosphere and noise of the fans. But our body does not like a measured life. And any unexpected incident becomes an event. Even lunch at a common table, filled with bright smells. I still remember the sour smell of black bread, the pungent aroma of a cut onion, the cloying amber of a chocolate bar.
When a “truck” brings a package of fresh food to the astronauts, the first thing they do is sniff it. The most beloved and reverent smell is that of apples and oranges. This is the smell of home and holiday.
Astronauts even claim to have smelled what space itself smells like. After leaving the ISS, when you take off your spacesuit, you can catch it for a few seconds. No earthly analogues were found for it. “The closest thing is the smell of ozone. Clean, as if a thunderstorm had passed,” says cosmonaut Pavel Vinogradov.
But a strong aroma in orbit can be so overwhelming to the nose that the crew will lose their ability to work for several hours. Therefore, indeed, forty years ago, NASA hired George Aldrich, as he calls himself, a “sniff naut.” On his business card there are pictures of a shuttle and a skunk. Since 1974, he has conducted almost 900 examinations.
Photo: NASA.
George sniffs all the astronauts' belongings and equipment that is sent on board. He talks about an astronaut who wanted to take a ship model with him so that he could glue it together in his spare time - this is a human hobby. George smelled many different types of glue before choosing the safe one. But there is more trouble with the load of women. Sally Ride, the first American woman to go into space, packed a set of cosmetics with her. The sniffer rejected the mascara.
George Aldrich gives interviews and gives lectures. What about ours? It seems that I know all the key specialists, but I have to... I called the Institute of Medical and Biological Problems.
Photo: NASA.
And ours is electronic!
IBMP is an institute that is responsible for everything related to the health of astronauts.
- Come, let’s introduce you! - They cheerfully responded to my call.
And sitting opposite me is the head of the laboratory, Doctor of Medical Sciences Lana Nizamovna Mukhamedieva. Like a true intellectual, she tries her best not to show how boring she is with questions about “sniffing” astronauts. And soon I understand why. Russia has been engaged in long-term flights for more than forty years. What was considered a discovery in the early 70s of the last century is today clearly described in instructions, commonplace, and therefore no longer interesting.
1. Carbon filter. 2. Air intake (can be of different diameters). 3. Box with sensors. Air is forced through the device. At this time, its analysis is underway. Photo: from the IBMP archive.
Simply put: over the years, everything has been sent into space. Even the stones charged in the pyramid. And now a specialist with his eyes closed knows what thing and in what packaging to let into orbit. Unless, when a new module is being developed, the IBMP is sent its drawings and the designers’ outlines, from which they are going to make the interior decoration. If they want to use new polymer materials, then the “sniffers” get involved.
There are no particularly talented people in the sense of smell at IBMP. Just like there is no point in keeping a separate “sniffer”. Space is not a perfume laboratory. Several employees are sniffing the new material. The results are assessed using a special scale. If the smell is sharp and unpleasant, it’s clear: the material is rejected.
In fact, smells are a small part of what scientists must monitor so that astronauts can perform at their best in orbit. There are things more dangerous than an unpleasant smell (if anything, it can at least be driven away with the help of fans). What to do, for example, with toxic liquids for cooling or heating the station? They must be such that even in the event of an accident, if they enter the station’s atmosphere, the cosmonauts will not suffer from poisoning. I remember the difficult year for our cosmonautics in 1997, when at the Mir station the coolant ethylene glycol completely poured out of the pipes. But even in this situation, the crew was able to continue repairs.
Photo: from the IBMP archive.
Or the air exhaled by the crew...
And then our conversation became lively. And when institute engineer Yuri Smirnov brought a metal box with several tubes and introduced: “Electronic nose!”, the conversation began to boil.
“And all sorts of nasty things try to breathe out...”
When Arkady Raikin pronounced this famous monologue of his, he could not even imagine what kind of disgust a person actually exhales!
Scientists began researching exhalation only ten years ago; they even opened a special institute in Austria. We also got involved at IBMP, especially since similar work had been carried out before: it was necessary to understand what kind of atmosphere is formed in a spacecraft. Today, 120 - 140 chemical compounds are already recognized that enter the atmosphere every time we exhale. And at school they only taught about carbon dioxide!
“The sensors have become so sensitive that we can “hear” the release of microbes in the intestines, cancer cells in the lung or bladder,” Lana Nizamovna explains to me.
Photo: from the IBMP archive.
- So you don’t have to swallow guts, you don’t have to do a bunch of tests? I breathed into the tube - that’s all?
- Over time it will be so.
Lana Nizamovna says that the appearance of cancer cells can be “smelled” even at the pre-illness stage, when there are only a few of them in the body! Or prevent oxidative stress - this is when a cell becomes damaged due to oxidation. It is the cause of many diseases - from schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease to angina pectoris and other heart problems.
Even Aldrich's experienced nose won't help here. Requires sensitive equipment. It was created by German and Russian scientists. This is an electronic nose. As I understand it, the sensors in it can be changed, setting the device to analyze certain compounds.
Photo: from the IBMP archive.
By the way, a question in the style of “What? Where? When?”: Why do you think such devices were first adapted in Germany? Control the quality of beer!
Now an electronic nose monitors cleanliness on the ISS. Last year he sniffed the station for the first time - this was how they found out where new microorganisms had appeared and what the composition of the air was. There are places in the modules where the astronaut cannot reach. A fungus develops there. And putting the thin tube-nose of the device behind the panel is not a problem.
The next step is to draw up a map of the compounds that dangerous cells secrete, and teach the nose to detect future diseases “by smell.” It is not yet clear how many years such work will take. Our scientists, together with doctors from one of the Munich clinics, are only accumulating knowledge.
...For now, let George Aldrich sniff the astronauts. What else should he do?
Photo: from the IBMP archive.
BY THE WAY
Perfumers have been using scent changes in space for ten years now. For example, the unexpected aroma of Zen perfume from the Japanese company Shiseido was obtained using a rose, which was sent into space on the shuttle in 1998.
Her aroma in zero gravity turned out to be sweeter and slightly less fresh than on earth. The astronauts, using thin plastic sticks coated with a special solvent, recorded the composition of the fragrant substances released by the flower. And then on earth, chemists established the exact composition of the aroma and reproduced it for perfume.
It would seem that by the nature of their service, cosmonauts and astronauts should be materialists. However, many of them are very superstitious and perform mysterious rituals before flying...
BLACK DAY OF THE CALENDAR
Judging by the number of rituals and superstitions, we can come to the conclusion that Russian cosmonauts are much more superstitious than their American colleagues. The Americans came up with an interesting explanation for this phenomenon: the safety of space flights in Russia and the United States is not comparable.
In the USSR, according to official data, four cosmonauts died over half a century, with the last tragedy occurring more than four decades ago. Losses among astronauts are at least four times higher - 17. Such flight safety is well worth freaking out, taking all sorts of strange measures, which our cosmonauts regularly do.
So, for example, October 24 is a black page in the calendar of Soviet-Russian cosmonautics. This is the only day of the year when it is strictly forbidden to carry out any launches. Fate chose October 24 for tragedies not once, but twice. It was on this day that Soviet missiles exploded in 1960 and 1963. The explosions killed 92 and 7 people, respectively.
Baikonur also has its own traditions. The most famous is to place coins on the rails along which the rocket is transported to the site. Cosmonauts do not take part in this ritual, because it is believed to bring bad luck to them.
Instead of crushing coins, they visit the hairdresser. In addition to the haircut, a blessing from the priest is also required. The priest blesses not only the astronauts, but also the rocket at the launch site.
REAR RIGHT WHEEL
Both cosmonauts and astronauts act on the principle: why change something if everything went well. Therefore, many of the most ordinary and routine events that occur on the day of a successful launch become traditions and rituals. It is not surprising that Yuri Gagarin became the “author” of many traditions in Soviet-Russian cosmonautics.
The strangest tradition attributed to the first cosmonaut is... the delivery of minor necessities to the wheels of the bus on which the cosmonauts travel to the cosmodrome in Baikonur. The dubious honor was given, however, not to everyone, but only to the rear right wheel, allegedly chosen by Yuri Alekseevich on April 12, 1961.
By the way, there is no doubt about the expediency or logic of the actions of the first cosmonaut, because half a century ago spacesuits were not yet as convenient and comfortable as they are now. So the desire to satisfy an urgent need in advance, if Yuri Gagarin really did this before flying on the Vostok-1 spacecraft, can be considered a completely reasonable precaution.
There is no serious evidence of this fact, but this has not prevented astronauts from peeing on the rear right wheel for more than half a century, although nowadays they can easily do the same in space thanks to comfortable suits in which every detail is thought out.
Foreign cosmonauts launching from Baikonur on Russian rockets, and, naturally, ladies are exempt from this ritual. However, they say that female astronauts often take a bottle of urine with them in order to also observe the tradition.
EARTH IN THE PORTHOLE
The remaining traditions of Soviet-Russian cosmonautics are not so strange and often have a more or less reasonable explanation. For example, before the flight, cosmonauts must visit Red Square and pay tribute to the memory of Yuri Gagarin, Sergei Korolev, Vladimir Komarov - the first person to die in space, and the three victims of the tragic flight of the Soyuz-11 spacecraft in 1971: Georgy Dobrovolsky, Vladislav Volkov and Viktor Patsaev, whose ashes rest in the Kremlin wall. This tradition is also obligatory for foreigners.
Cosmonauts and to the Alley of Heroes at Baikonur to plant a tree. Yuri Gagarin was the first to do this before the flight. As you might guess, the Gagarin tree is the oldest and largest here.
Before the flights, the astronauts come to the office of the first cosmonaut, where everything remains exactly the same as it was during his life. They examine Gagarin's personal belongings and make entries in the guest book. The most superstitious, according to rumors, ask the spirit of the owner of the office for permission to fly into space.
Today's cosmonauts and astronauts also owe Yuri Gagarin a musical tradition - listening to lyrical songs just before launch. Music lifts your spirits. True, each crew chooses their own repertoire.
The evening before the flight, the astronauts watch only one film - the famous “Western” “White Sun of the Desert.” They are given champagne for breakfast on the day of the flight. Before leaving for the cosmodrome, the astronauts sign the doors of their hotel rooms, and they leave to the sounds of the hit song “Earth in the Porthole.”
On May 28, 2014, television viewers watching the launch of the Soyuz TMA-13M spacecraft on the ISS saw a stuffed giraffe hovering near the control panel. It was a toy for the daughter of astronaut Reed Wiseman.
But the tradition of taking a talisman on a flight and tying it on a string to the control panel is Soviet-Russian. The tradition also has a very practical meaning: when the toy begins to float in the air, engineers at the Control Center see that a state of weightlessness has arrived, which means the launch was successful.
SUPERSTITIVE ASTRONAUTS
On April 17, 1970, the Apollo 13 crew returned safely to Earth despite an oxygen tank explosion. The emergency shocked NASA management. As a result, National Aeronautics Administration Administrator James Beggs ordered the number 13 to be removed from all NASA programs. This explains the strange numbering of the shuttles in 1981-2011.
The first flight of the STS shuttle took place on April 12, 1981. At first the numbering was fine, but as the 13th flight approached, tensions mounted within NASA. Beggs came up with a new numbering system. As a result, after STS-9, STS-41B went into space. The first digit in the new numbering indicated the year (84th in this case), the second - the number of the launch site at the cosmodrome, and the letter - the launch sequence according to the schedule.
American astronauts have breakfast with filet mignon and eggs before their flight. Alan Shepard is considered the founder of this tradition. On May 5, 1961, three weeks after Gagarin's flight, he went into space on the Freedom 7 capsule. This morning Alan ate filet mignon with eggs for breakfast. The flight was successful. Since then, astronauts have had breakfast in exactly the same way, hoping for good luck, although not all astronauts have a good appetite on launch day.
There are several other traditions associated with food. Whenever employees at NASA's Pasadena Research Center, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), launch a probe or uncrewed satellite, they eat... peanuts. This tradition was born on July 28, 1964, after the successful launch of the Ranger 7 interplanetary station, which was supposed to fly around the Moon and photograph its invisible side.
As you might guess, before Ranger 7 there were six similar stations with numbers from 1 to 6. The launches of all of them were unsuccessful for various reasons. On the day the seventh station was launched, some engineer brought peanuts to the Mission Control Center and treated them to his colleagues.
Since the flight was a success, the Control Center has since always eaten peanuts during launches. When people go into space, the menu at the Center is more varied. Engineers and scientists eat beans with cornbread.
This tradition is almost two decades younger than the “peanut” one. She was born on April 12, 1981, when the first shuttle took off from Cape Canaveral. By the way, after this simple meal, all newcomers have their ties cut. This ritual came to astronautics from aviation.
Astronauts always play poker on the way to the launch pad. Moreover, the game lasts until the flight commander loses. Astronaut Winston Scott, who once confirmed to the Chicago Tribune that he and his comrades play poker before each flight,
Sergey LAVINOV, magazine "Mysteries of the 20th Century" No. 9 2017
George Aldrich / © www.nasa.gov
George Aldrich is no expert on space travel or shuttle construction, but he nevertheless has one of the most important jobs at NASA - the agency doesn't send anything into space unless he's smelled it. Master Sniffer, also known as Nostril-damus, has protected hundreds of astronauts simply by sniffing things that fit into spacecraft.
Aldrich sniffs everything, even what others find disgusting. He has had an excellent sense of smell since childhood, but his special talent was only discovered 40 years ago. He was a firefighter at White Sands when NASA began looking for volunteer sniffers. Aldrich performed extremely well in their calibration test, which required them to identify seven basic odors - musky, minty, floral, ethereal, camphorous, pungent and putrid.
Since then, Aldrich has worked for NASA at the White Sands test facility, where his nose reigns supreme. The work may seem comical, but how important is it? As it turns out, very much. “Astronauts can actually get sick from bad odors,” Aldrich says. And this is true: in 1976, the Soviet mission had to be aborted because the cosmonauts could not stand the stench inside the shuttle.
According to Suzanne Harper, NASA's nose laboratory manager, Aldrich's work is invaluable to astronauts. “Here on Earth, bad smells from someone being in the bathroom or cutting an onion will eventually dissipate,” she explains. - The smell makes fresh air go away, but there is no such air on the space station or in the shuttle. You can't open the window there to ventilate. What we have to do here on Earth is make sure that we don't send new smells out there, because once they get there, they won't get rid of them."
Over the course of his long career, Aldrich has sniffed over 780 different materials, and he doesn't plan on stopping anytime soon.
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Crocodile conflict. Since 1968, NASA's main space center, the Kennedy Space Center, has been based on Merritt Island in Florida. However, only 9% of the spaceport's area is used for its intended purpose, and the rest of the territory is occupied by a wildlife reserve. This means that the guests of the space center are sometimes residents of the National Park. All such “tourists” do not cause problems for NASA employees, except for one - the American alligator. Local bodies of water are an excellent source of food for the reptile, and from time to time they like to bask in the sun near parking lots, airstrips or pedestrian areas. In addition to the fact that the alligator poses a danger to visitors to the spaceport, the crocodiles themselves may also suffer: scientists are currently studying whether NASA technologies harm the environment and its wild inhabitants. And in the video, by the way, there is an alligator filmed by tourists during a tour of the Kennedy Space Center.
Songs performed by the Earth. In 2012, NASA released an audio recording called “Earthsong”, which was “sung” by the planet itself. The recording was taken by two NASA spacecraft that study the Earth's radiation belts (RBSP, also known as Van Allen Probes). The sounds of the Earth are a consequence of an electromagnetic phenomenon caused by plasma waves in the planet's radiation belt. Scientists poetically called this phenomenon “chorus.” According to Craig Kletzing of the University of Iowa, who helped create the EMFISIS receiver for collecting signals, this is how we would hear the radiation belt if we had built-in radio antennas in our ears.
The perfect swimsuit from NASA. Remember the scandalous story with swimming suits at the Summer Olympic Games in Beijing in 2008? Swimmers wearing LZR Racer swimsuits showed unprecedented results: athletes broke many world records and won 33 Olympic medals. After the Olympics and the subsequent European Short Course Championships, the International Swimming Federation changed the requirements for swimsuits, effectively banning the LZR Racer. The LZR Racer suits from the sports brand Speedo were developed jointly with NASA: the goal of the scientists was to reduce drag as much as possible, for which the knowledge of aerodynamics of NASA employees was useful. More than 60 fabric samples were tested in wind tunnels, and as a result, the LZR Racer swimming suit was created, which, instead of a traditional seam, were “stitched” using ultrasonic welding. In general, just space, not a swimsuit.
Survival Course for NASA Astronauts- a mandatory item in preparation for a flight into space. Yes, surviving in outer space is not so bad; you also need to avoid dying on Earth if something went wrong during landing and the astronaut ended up much further from the planned landing site. Astronauts have been trained in wilderness survival skills since the 1960s at air bases in Nevada and Panama. True, so far in the history of NASA, the most severe deviation from the course during landing occurred with the pilot of the Aurora 7 spacecraft, Malcolm Carpenter: the capsule ended up at a distance of 400 km from the point where it was expected. The astronaut was discovered within a few hours. In this he was much luckier than the Soviet cosmonauts Alexei Leonov and Pavel Belyaev, who heroically had to spend two days in the taiga.
Vibration tests, or shake test, is required by all NASA spacecraft. Strong vibrations during a rocket launch should not become a hindrance, because even one poorly secured screw can lead to disaster. Modern rockets are tested on a powerful vibration platform, 7 m wide and weighing 25 thousand kg, at the Plum Brook station in the world's largest terminal vacuum chamber (SPF). Each module undergoes dozens of tests before it is cleared for flight. But in the 60s, testing technologies were, to put it mildly, simpler: in essence, rockets were shaken manually using the push-pull method. However, it’s better to see it once - before you is a recording of the first such test.
NASA creates the weather in the house independently. NASA designs and builds some of the largest spacecraft in the world. To do this, accordingly, they require huge and tall structures. For example, the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB), where spacecraft are assembled, is the fifth tallest building in the world. The internal volume of VAB is 3.7 million cubic meters. Due to the size of the VAB and Florida's humid climate, NASA faced an unexpected problem - sometimes clouds began to form in the building itself. When assembling billion-dollar spacecraft, every detail is important, and climate quirks like this could pose a major setback for NASA. To overcome this phenomenon, it was necessary to create a special air conditioning system weighing 10 thousand tons.
Unpaid fine for dumping garbage I've been waiting in the wings for 30 years. Skylab, the first and only US national orbital station, deorbited and collapsed in 1979. The impact points of the unburnt parts of the station shifted from the intended course and fell near the coast of Western Australia. The Australian county of Esperance presented NASA with a $400 bill for dumping garbage, but the fine was paid only 30 years later, after the story was reported on California radio.
Biowaste issue in space has always been a problem for NASA. Today, astronauts use high-tech restrooms, but that wasn't always the case. The situation with space toilets is perfectly illustrated by an incident during the Apollo 10 mission. Spaceship captain Thomas Stafford discovered excrement floating in the air. This story became public after conversations on board were transcribed. Finding out which of the astronauts owned such an unpleasant flying object almost overshadowed the test flight to the Moon itself. By the way, none of the crew members confessed, and the mystery still remains unsolved.
"Sniffer" is a position at NASA. Meet George Aldrich, his official job title is chemical specialist. Essentially, George is the big nose at NASA: he has to sniff out everything NASA plans to send into space. A closed space and warmth intensify odors, and the astronauts will not have the opportunity to open the window and ventilate the room. Therefore, the task of the “sniffer” is to rid the crew members of unpleasant odors during the flight. George Aldrich isn't the only one: NASA has a whole sniffing squad. His employees undergo a special aptitude test every four months - they need to identify the contents of ten cans by smell.
Riot on the ship. Spaceship! In 1974, the crew of Skylab 4 spent 84 days in space - that's quite a long time for a team, and it takes a lot of stress to make sure everything goes smoothly. So, about a month before the end of the mission, the crew staged a kind of mutiny: the cosmonauts took an unplanned day off, turned off all means of communication with the mission control center and, instead of the usual hard work, admired the fantastic landscapes. Of course, the Mission Control Center was not enthusiastic about this scenario, but this flight was an important milestone in the study of the impact of space flight on the human psyche. Since then, NASA has been particularly attentive to astronaut rest when planning missions.
Reading time: 3 minutes. Published 08/26/2017
Today's game is "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?" consisted of three parts, the third part was a repetition of some very old game, judging by the appearance of the TV program host, Dmitry Dibrov. Today the following players took part in the game: Tatyana Vasilyeva, Larisa Verbitskaya and Vladimir Korenev, Lolita Milyavskaya and Alexander Dobrovinsky.
Questions for Tatyana Vasilyeva
Tatyana Vasilyeva (100,000 - 100,000 rubles)
1. What does a spinner usually do with a spoon while fishing?
2. How does Maxim Gorky’s statement end: “Do you love a book - the source...?
3. What is acute muscle pain called?
4. What is the definition of a notorious scoundrel or villain?
5. What was the union of city and country called in the Soviet press?
6. What were the sea robbers called?
7. Which character from Hamlet can be found in the periodic table of chemical elements?
8. Who won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2016?
9. What is the name of the genus of monkeys?
10. What was the special feature of the excursion to the agricultural exhibition in the movie “The Pig Farmer and the Shepherd”?
11. What products are usually given as gifts for the 65th anniversary of marriage?
12. Which country did Nikolai Gogol call “the homeland of his soul”?
13. Monuments to a representative of what profession are there in Vladimir, Belgorod, Moscow, Ufa, Tyumen, St. Petersburg?
Questions for the second pair of players
Larisa Verbitskaya and Vladimir Korenev (400,000 - 200,000 rubles)
1. What key is on a computer keyboard?
2. How does the housewife stir the food in the frying pan?
3. What is the name of the legendary ghost ship?
4. Which animals did Vysotsky call picky in the song?
5. What is missing in tennis?
6. In which Tarkovsky film did Margarita Terekhova play the main role?
7. Which coffee does not have milk or cream added to it?
8. The name of which coin comes from the word “hundred”?
9. What animal in medieval Europe was considered a fish and therefore eaten during Lent?
10. Which work of Fyodor Dostoevsky is a novel in letters?
11. What does George Aldrich do with astronauts' belongings before going into space?
12. Where was the coronation of Napoleon I?
Questions for the third pair of players
Lolita Milyavskaya and Alexander Dobrovinsky (200,000 - 200,000 rubles)
1. Who strives to get rid of their tail?
2. Which statement is true regarding the fabulous Emelya?
3. What do they offer to knock out, advising you to come to your senses?
4. Who is often included in the government?
5. What TV show did Uncle Fyodor’s mother compare her apartment to in the cartoon “Winter in Prostokvashino”?
6. At what age, according to Russian legislation, can every man apply for an old-age pension?
7. What mathematical sign did Zemfira sing about in one of her songs?
8. Which sauce, prepared according to a traditional recipe, is not milky in color?
9. How does Peter I hold the reins on the famous Bronze Horseman monument?
10. The premiere of which performance to the music of Alexei Rybnikov was banned 11 times?
11. What was the name of the first Chinese lunar rover?
12. What was not on the Ilya Muromets passenger plane?
Answers to Tatyana Vasilyeva's questions
- throws
- knowledge
- lumbago
- scorched
- bow
- conquistodores
- Polonia
- Bob Dylan
- capuchins
- she was in poetry
- iron
- Italy
- janitor
Answers to questions from the second pair of players
- space
- spatula
- "Flying Dutchman"
- horses
- halves
- "Mirror"
- ristretto
- beaver
- "Poor People"
- sniffs
- at Notre Dame Cathedral
Answers to questions from the third pair of players
- student
- went to the stove
- out of my head
- minister without portfolio
- "What where When?"
- 60 years
- infinity
- bolognese
- left hand
- "The Star and Death of Joaquin Murrieta"
- "Jade Hare"
- refrigerator
