Ancient manuscripts prove: Rus' is the birthplace of vampires. The oldest books in history

Ancient manuscripts prove: Rus' is the birthplace of vampires. At first we worshiped them, and then we simply began to respect them.

After Francis Ford Coppola's film "Dracula" based on the novel by Bram Stoker was released in 1992, some unhealthy interest in vampires awoke in society. They began to write books about them, publish encyclopedias, and make more and more films. The excitement continues to this day. Just look at the Twilight saga about the love between an earthly girl and a vampire. And housewives are crying over the series “The Vampire Diaries”, which tells about the love of two ghoul brothers for a simple schoolgirl. Vampires have become the true heroes of our time, but what time they come from is not known for certain. Doctor of Philology, professor at the Russian State Humanitarian University Mikhail Odessky came to unexpected conclusions when he decided to get to the bottom of the very concept of “vampire”. The first mentions of these semi-mythical creatures, as the scientist proves, are found precisely in Slavic culture. Does this mean that vampires have Russian roots?

From ghoul to vampire

The first mentions of ghouls are found in ancient Russian manuscripts. And “”, written by the Moscow clerk Fyodor Kuritsyn, glorified vampirism almost throughout White light

Perhaps the very first mention in world culture of a certain vampire-like creature is found in a monument of ancient Russian writing - the “Afterword” to the “Commentary on the Prophetic Books.” It was preserved in manuscripts of the 15th century, but, as follows from the text itself, the original was written in the 11th century. As Professor Mikhail Odessky, who studied the text, notes, what is curious, first of all, is the very name of the copyist - “Az pop Oupir Lihyi.” Translating into modern Russian - Dashing Ghoul. The name is clearly mysterious and far from befitting the ministers of the church, who in those days were the scribes. Of course, it is difficult to imagine that the monk Ghoul Dashing was a bloodsucker. But where did such a strange name come from? “The name for a monk is quite normal, and in ancient times nicknames were widely used,” explains Mikhail Odessky. - They usually did not come from the good qualities of a person, but from negative or funny ones.

And therefore it could well be that the monk was given the name Dashing Ghoul, characterizing him as a timid man.” True, the word “dastardly” in those days also meant various forms of evil, to the point that such an epithet was awarded to Satan himself.

And the Swedish Slavist Anders Schöberg proposed to discard demonism altogether and argued that the Dashing Ghoul was in fact a Swedish rune-cutter named Upir Ofeg, who could well have ended up in the retinue of Ingegerd, the daughter of the Swedish king, who became the wife of Yaroslav the Wise. And then it turns out that in transliteration, Ghoul is the name of the rune-cutter of Epirus, and Dashing is the translation of his nickname...

There is a version that the word “ghoul” had an abusive connotation. The “Message to the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery” by Ivan the Terrible has been preserved. Known for his “subtle” sense of humor and who loved to play tricks on his subjects, this time the sovereign complained about the depravity of the morals of the boyars who took monastic vows and visited the monastery: “And this one doesn’t even know the dress, not just how to live. Or a demon for the son of John Sheremetev? Or is Khabarov a fool for and stubborn?” The infernal context is interesting here. "Upir" appears next to the "demonic son". In a certain context, ancient literary monuments can indeed testify to the infernal, otherworldly meaning of the word “ghoul”. This gives rise to the assumption that ghouls were worshiped as deities. And then the scribe’s nickname, the Dashing Ghoul, is only an indication of his chosenness, his closeness to higher powers. For example, in the “Word of St. Gregory” (a list of the second half of the 15th - early 16th centuries) there are inserts about history. In particular, it says the following: “Before Perun, their god, and before that they laid down the demands of the upirs and beregins.” Again, these “upiri” are ghouls to whom, judging by the ancient text, sacrifices were made during pagan services. The text does not directly say who the ghouls and beregins are, nor what kind of sacrifices were made to them. It is assumed that the beregins could be positive, kind deities or beings, because the words “shore”, “take care”, “protect” evoked exclusively positive associations before and today. It can be assumed that, in contrast to them, ghouls were evil creatures. And sacrifices were made to them for one simple reason - in this way people tried to appease them. However, there is another version - ghouls could be the spirits of ancestors, that is, they personify neither evil nor good.

“The logic is this: a ghoul is a dead man, a dead man is an ancestor, that is, in all likelihood, we are talking about the worship of dead ancestors,” explains Mikhail Odessky. Back in the 19th century, the famous Slavic philologist Izmail Sreznevsky considered the question of the primordial dogma in paganism about the one, supreme God, the ancestor of all other deities. The researcher spoke about three periods of Russian paganism: the period of adoration of Perun was the last, the period of worship of the “clan and women in labor” that preceded him, and the most ancient - the period of worship of ghouls and beregins. “Sreznevsky cites many cases of mention of ghouls in the folk legends of the Slavs,” says Mikhail Odessky. - This word appears in different forms: V masculine(upir, upyur, vpir, vampire), in the feminine (upirina, vampire) and almost everywhere in two meanings: either a bat, or a ghost, a werewolf, evil spirit sucking blood from people." It was in this second sense that vampires became known throughout the world.

And again, our people had a hand in this.

I went too far Around the same time when the word “ghoul” first appears in ancient manuscripts, that is, in a list of the 15th century, Romania was ruled by the now notorious Vlad III Tepes (Dracula), who later became the prototype of the most famous literary and film vampire. He left behind a rich epistolary heritage. At that time there was no written Romanian language and Dracula wrote in Latin and Church Slavonic. But, perhaps, one of the most reliable, interesting and informative texts about Tepes - “The Tale of Dracula the Voivode” - was written, as scientists suggest, by the Moscow embassy clerk Fyodor Kuritsyn, who served at the court of the Hungarian king. he spent time in the Balkans, and upon returning to his homeland, he became famous as a heretic. It should be noted that very quickly in Russia the concept of a vampire began to be associated with a witch or sorcerer, who in turn were associated with the concept of heresy. It was defined as a departure from dogmas considered important for the church. The belief of the Russian people is entrenched in the idea that a person will not find peace after death if it occurs at the moment when he is excommunicated from the church. He could have been excommunicated due to immoral behavior or heresy. Thus, a heretic could become a vampire after death. This fact makes the personality of Fyodor Kuritsyn legendary and forces us to take a special look at his “The Tale of Dracula the Voivode,” written clearly under the influence of heretical views implicated in folk Slavic legends. It is interesting that he never calls Vlad the Impaler by his real name. The legend begins with the following words: “There was a governor in the Muntyansky land, a Christian of the Greek faith, his name in Wallachian was Dracula, and in ours the Devil.” The nickname Dracula (the ruler himself wrote Dragkulya) is not translated exactly as written by clerk Kuritsyn. In Romanian, “devil” is “dracul”, and “draculea” is “son of the devil”. However, Vlad’s father, Voivode Vlad II, received this nickname not at all because of his connection with evil spirits. Before he had yet taken the throne, he joined the elite knightly Order of the Dragon at the court of Sigismund I of Luxembourg, founded by the Hungarian king to fight the infidels, mainly the Turks. Having become the ruler, he ordered to depict a dragon on coins. "Dracula" primarily means "dragon". But the author of the tale changed everything in a different way. In any case, it was his manuscript that laid the foundation for the perception of Dracula as a man of unprecedented cruelty, the personification of evil. This is exactly how it is presented in modern literature.

Researchers have little doubt that it is in the Slavic roots that one of the main reasons for the modern cult of the vampire lies. “What's the worst thing about Bram Stoker's vampire? - asks Mikhail Odessky. - He is truly scary not in his castle in Transylvania, but when he invades London. Late XIX centuries, the flourishing of civilization, and suddenly something creepy and dark appears from Eastern Europe. This is the horror of unknown creature, in front of another culture and another society - distant and incomprehensible.”

But what is the phenomenon of the vampire ghoul? Why, of all the mythical creatures that abounded in Slavic legends, are they the only ones that have survived to this day? Why doesn’t anyone particularly remember either Perun or the Beregins? Perhaps the answer lies in the fact that at some point in history, vampire ghouls “descended from heaven to earth.” And people no longer worshiped them, but tried to live peacefully with them.

Opinions

Alexander Kolesnichenko, Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Periodical Press of Moscow state university seal named after Ivan Fedorov:

The hypothesis about the Russian origin of the word “vampire” is quite reasonable. Another thing is that we know very little about antiquity and ghouls are mentioned in sources only a few times. It is likely that in each of these cases the meaning of the word could be different. And over ten centuries, the word could even change its meaning to a diametrically opposite one. This happens quite often in the language. But given the geopolitical position of Ancient Rus', there is a possibility that the first vampires in modern meaning this word appeared among us, and we can say with confidence that this creature is Slavic origin. It is likely that they were revered as deities, because then people worshiped natural phenomena and idols equally.

Leonid Koloss, literary historian, candidate of philological sciences:

The word "ghoul" may be of Russian origin, but there is no evidence that vampirism as a phenomenon has our roots. Many peoples of the world had similar legends. Yes, our culture made a significant contribution to the development of the modern cult of vampires, but did not become its ancestor. Using the example of Russian literature, we observe the process of transformation of a mythical ghoul into a specific “living” vampire. Take, for example, the work of Gogol. In Viya it is mythical creatures, and in his later works, the same “ Dead souls“, he describes already quite earthly characters in similar tones. Thus, living people are endowed with the qualities of folklore characters. This is precisely what is now clearly demonstrated by cinema, which is popularizing legends about vampires with renewed vigor. The popularity of vampires can be explained simply: they are convenient for scaring people, and people want to be scared.

Copyright Magazine "Itogi"

OR RNB. F.p. I.5. Ostromir Gospel 1056–1057 L. 66 vol. Initial with a zoomorphic element.

OR RNB. F.p. I.5. Ostromir Gospel 1056–1057 L. 87 vol. Miniature depicting the Evangelist Luke.

At the end of the 10th century. Rus', simultaneously with the establishment of Christianity as the state religion, adopted Cyrillic writing, which by that time was already widespread among the southern Slavs.

The collection of ancient Russian handwritten books of the Russian National Library most fully reflects the history of the Russian handwritten book tradition - from the Ostromir Gospel of the 11th century. to the late Old Believer manuscripts of the early twentieth century.

The subject matter of the material is unusually wide. Here are richly decorated liturgical books and the most important historical monuments– chronicles and chronographic books, books for “spiritual” reading and for practical application- herbalists, medical books, treatises on military affairs, various areas of medieval knowledge, and even textbooks for reading texts written in cursive. Of particular interest are his collections, which contain works of various genres: theological treatises, monuments of teaching eloquence, hagiographic works, plot stories, church polemical works, monuments of Russian journalism, syllabic verses.

OR RNB. Erm. 20. Izbornik. 1076

OR RNB. F.p. I. 36
“Minea Dubrovsky” (Minea service for July).

The exceptional value of the ancient Russian collections of the Russian National Library is emphasized by the fact that it is here that monuments are kept, to which the definition of “first” can rightfully be applied - in the sense of “the oldest that has survived to this day”). First of all, this is the famous Ostromir Gospel of 1056–1057 - the oldest surviving precisely dated Russian handwritten book. A manuscript created during an era of cultural upsurge and flourishing ancient Russian state for the St. Sophia Cathedral of Veliky Novgorod - the main temple of northwestern Rus' - and which witnessed a thousand-year development of Russian culture, is included in the UNESCO Memory of the World Register.

OR RNB. Soph. 1.
Panteleimon's Gospel (Aprakos complete). Con. XII - beginning XIII century (?). Novgorod or Novgorod lands. Scribe Maxim Toshinich

If the Ostromir Gospel is a liturgical book, then the Izbornik of 1076, stored in the Russian National Library, is the oldest precisely dated Russian handwritten book that has survived to this day, that is, a book of literary content. It contains many articles of a moral and Christian nature, addressed to the secular part of ancient Russian society, primarily to the princely elite. These are the Stoslovets of Gennady of Constantinople, the Wisdom of Jesus' son Sirakhov, Athanasius' answers, etc. The collection was compiled in Rus' according to the model of the Izbornik of 1073, which is a copy of the Bulgarian original.

The key source of all Russian historiography is the Laurentian Chronicle of 1377, stored in the Library since 1811 - the oldest precisely dated Russian chronicle that has survived to this day. The Laurentian Chronicle, a date-forming monument of Russian statehood, is included in the UNESCO Memory of the World Register.

OR RNB. OLDP. F.6.
Kyiv Psalter. 1397

The oldest precisely dated illustrated Russian handwritten book that has come down to us is also stored in the ancient Russian funds. This is the famous Kiev Psalter of 1397. The manuscript contains more than 300 miniatures illustrating the text or symbolically interpreting it. Before the Kyiv Psalter Old Russian manuscripts they had only “front” miniatures depicting the author of the text (the evangelists, King David, etc.), members of the princely family, and patron saints of the person who ordered the manuscript.

OR RNB. F. p. I. 2. Psalter. XIV century

Stylistic sophistication decoration, miniatures, initials turn many monuments of ancient Russian writing into genuine works of art. This is the Frolov Psalter of the 14th century, known to all art historians, decorated with headpieces and initials of the teratological style and interesting with the ornamentation of the initials, including numerous inclusions of human figures.

Unlike countries Western Europe, whose culture developed in cities and universities, in Rus' the most important centers of book culture were monasteries, in which book-writing workshops operated, created literary works, rich libraries were formed. The fact that the collections of the oldest Russian book depositories are located here is of particular value to the ancient Russian collections of the National Library. First of all, this is the library of the Novgorod St. Sophia Cathedral, which contains manuscripts created in various book centers northeastern Rus', containing unique lists of monuments ancient Russian literature, for example, the author's list of the Life of St. Sergius of Radonezh by the famous hagiographer Pachomius Logofet. The ancient Panteleimon Gospel with a rare iconographic miniature of St. Panteleimon and St. Catherine, the Sofia set of the Great Menaions of the Fourth Metropolitan Macarius, and many other rarities. In the Department of Manuscripts of the Russian National Library, the libraries of the largest Russian monasteries: Kirillo-Belozersky Uspensky and Solovetsky Spaso-Preobrazhensky are preserved in the integrity of their main array. These collections have brought to this day the most valuable monuments of Russian medieval monastic book culture, such as the manuscripts of the cell library of St. Cyril or the encyclopedic collections of the 15th century monk-scribe Euphrosynus.

OR RNB. Q paragraph I. 32.
Blagoveshchensk Kondakar. Con. XII – beginning XIII century

OR RNB. OSRC. F.IV.233
Facial chronicle vault. Second half of the 16th century. Laptevsky volume.

Old Russian church singing is widely represented in the Sector's funds. These are more than 1000 notated singing codes of the 12th–20th centuries. (including Old Believers): irmology, octoechos, everyday life, stichirari, triodion, holidays; as well as singing alphabet, intended for the practical development of Znamenny singing. One of the five known manuscripts in the world, distinguished by a special system of musical notation, is kept here - the Annunciation Kontakari of the turn of the 12th–13th centuries.

OR RNB. F. XIV. 62.
Collection of Kirsha Danilov. Last quarter of the 18th century

The traditions of ancient Russian singing art were preserved in the Old Believer environment. Due to the large number and fragmentation of Old Believer communities, liturgical singing in almost each of them had its own local characteristics. The funds of the Sector contain manuscripts from the 18th – 20th centuries, representing the singing art of different centers of the Old Believers, differing not only in content, but also in artistic design.

A separate group of manuscripts consists of notolinear codices, in which both liturgical and secular works XVII–XIX centuries They contain panegyric cants and genres of spiritual lyrics. In these manuscripts, anonymous texts coexist with the original poetry of Simeon Polotsky, V.K. Trediakovsky, A.P. Sumarokov, M.V. Lomonosov. This group also includes the most valuable monument of folk poetry - the Collection of Kirsha Danilov - the first collection of Russian epics and historical songs in Russian folklore, provided with notes.

OR RNB. OSRC. F.IV.482
Journal of N.P. Rezanov’s travel from Kamchatka to Japan. 1804–1805

The Sector of Old Russian Funds also stores handwritten books and other handwritten materials of the 18th–19th centuries, not specifically related to ancient Russian tradition. These are manuscripts of scientific, historical, literary content, works on military affairs, jurisprudence, and other branches of knowledge, personal diaries, maps, plans, travel albums, etc. The Hermitage contains a valuable set of copy materials - made in the 18th century. for Empress Catherine II, clerk's copies from ancient Russian handwritten books and documents.

The historical past today is practically systematized. Science knows the periods, main events and prominent figures. However, centuries continue to keep secrets. Gaps in knowledge about the existence and life of previous generations are contained in secret manuscripts of history that have not yet been understood or deciphered by scientists. Perhaps their discovery will change the understanding of the universe and time. Today, of the most famous specimens, ten of the most mysterious ones are distinguished.

1. Voynich manuscript

The 250-page book, found in the 15th century, contains images of plants, space objects and naked women. The plot of the story or individual stories has never been solved by historians and other scientists. Although one researcher claims to have deciphered 10 words from the text of an ancient publication.

The antique book was discovered in 1912 by Wilfid Voynich. Content analysis showed that some of the symbols have distinctive features real language. Whether Voynich was speculating on the find, presenting it as a valuable artifact, or whether this document is a real cultural treasure, remains a mystery. The object is in storage at Yale University.

Voynich manuscript

2. Guide to ritual rites

The history of the ancient 20-page manuscript began approximately 1,300 years ago. It is written in the ancient Coptic language, which belongs to the Egyptian Christians. It contains many magical spells and formulas, including love spells, also spells for black jaundice and instructions for conducting exorcism sessions.

The text may have been written by a group of Setians, an ancient Christian sect led by Sepha, who called himself the third son of Adam and Eve. The ancient message refers to a mysterious figure - Bactiota, whose identity is unknown.

Researchers who translated and analyzed the text of the ancient book-manuscript called it conventionally “ Directory of ritual rites". It is currently housed in the Museum of Ancient Cultures at Macquarie University in Sydney, Australia. The manuscript was transferred in 1981 from the private collection of Michael Fackelmann. Where he received the text from is not disclosed.

3. Grolier Code

The so-called Grolier Codex, named after the New York club where the copy was exhibited, presents the writings of the Mayans with ancient hieroglyphs demonstrating the civilization's number system and religious beliefs. The content contains a description of observations of the movement of the planet Venus. A Mexican collector named Josue Saenz claims that he acquired the manuscript from the Madoders in the 1960s. Scientists are still debating the authenticity of the artifact.

Recent research has shown that the paper on which the Codex is written is approximately 800 years old. The illustrations are written in blue paint, characteristic of Maya, which has not yet been synthesized in the laboratory. This confirms the value of the historical document. Along with other signs, for example, the content of hieroglyphs and images, such a conclusion indicates the authenticity of the ancient message.

4. Copper scroll

The library of ancient manuscripts is presented in Hebrew text on several sheets. They were discovered in the Qumran cave in the Judean Desert along with other Dead Sea Scrolls. The text indicates the storage locations of a huge amount of treasures with silver, coins, gold and vessels. The message dates back to around 70 AD, the time when the Roman army besieged and destroyed the holy sites of Jerusalem. It is believed that this is the oldest manuscript, the contents of which are unknown to science.

Researchers never tire of arguing about the reality and mythical nature of the described treasure. To date, the jewelry mentioned in the text has not been found either in Israel or Palestine. If the scroll is genuine, then perhaps the treasures were found in ancient times.

5. Popol Vuh

The title of this manuscript translates as " Legal Adviser's Book". It contains a mythical story told by the descendants of the Mayan peoples who settled in Guatemala. According to their legends, the forefathers of all living things, Tepev and Kukumatz, created the Earth from a watery void and endowed it with animals and plants. This was described by Michael Coe of Yale University in the book Maya, Thames and Hudson, 2011.

The book indicates that the founders of the world had difficulty creating people. At the end it is described that they got twin heroes Ahpu and Xbalanque. They traveled a lot and became the rulers of the underworld.

The earliest surviving copy of the Popol Vuh dates back to 1701. The Codex was written in Spanish by the Dominican priest Frasisco Jimenez. A copy is kept at the Newberry Library in Chicago.

6. Treaty of the Courts

The codex contains the first Hebrew text indicating the location of treasures from King Solomon's temple. It tells the story of the fate of the Ark of the Covenant. The scripture indicates that these artifacts " cannot be found until the coming of the Messiah, the son of David...«

The earliest copy dates from 1648. It was made by James Davile, a professor at the University of St. Andrews in Scotland, who studied and translated this ancient manuscript.

In analyzing the contents, he relied on traditional methods of biblical exegesis (interpretation) to understand where the treasure might be located. Under his pen, the story took on the appearance of a fantastic adventure, rather than a real guide to finding valuable artifacts.

7. Gospel of Judas

In 2006, the National Geographic Society published a translation of the third-century text called The Gospel of Judas.

The secrets of the ancient manuscript are revealed regarding the biblical figure Judas Iscariot, who, according to the New Testament, betrayed Jesus. The manuscript, written in Coptic, the language used by Egyptian Christians, describes Jesus asking Judas to betray him so that he could be crucified so he could ascend to heaven.

However, experts disagree on the translation and interpretation of the text. April DeConick, a professor of religion at Rice University in Houston, says the text actually suggests that Judas was a "demon." Analysis of the manuscript and comparison of its contents with the Gospel confirmed that the text is authentic. The research was conducted by a team led by Joseph Barabe of the McCrone Association in Illinois.

8. Dresden Code

The age of the artifact is about 800 years. It is composed of 39 illustrated pages with texts. Research, the results of which were published in 2016, indicates that the Codex records the phases of the planet Venus, according to which the ancient Mayans conducted their rituals.

“These people really had complex rituals, the implementation of which was strictly tied to the calendar,” said University of California, Santa Barbara historian Gerardo Aldan. “They were probably active, the periods of which were associated with the phases of Venus.”

The codex was transferred to the Royal Library of Dresden, Germany, in 1730. How it got to Europe is unknown. It is known that many texts belonging to the Mayan culture were destroyed by Christian missionaries seeking to eradicate any other mention of other faiths.

9. Gospel of Mary Lotta

The manuscript is written in Egyptian Coptic and is approximately 1,500 years old. The Gospel does not tell about the life of Jesus, but his name is mentioned in 37 predictions.

The text contains the story of the creation of the scripture: “ The Gospel of Mary, the mother of Jesus Christ, from Gabriel the Archangel, who brought good news from the One who will go forward and receive according to his heart and will be required of him.”

The message of antiquity is kept at Harvard University. It was deciphered and the details published in 2014 by Anne Marie Luigendzic, a professor of religion at Princeton University. In his book " Forbidden Oracles. Gospel of Mary Lota“she says that the Gospel is a prediction, an attempt to predict the future. A person seeking an answer could choose from 37 oracles to find a solution to their problem. How the system worked remains unknown.

The publication was transferred to Harvard in 1984.

10. Liber Linteus

Ancient texts found in silk bedspreads Egyptian mummy. They were written in the Etruscan language used in Italy in ancient times. The artifact dates back to around 200 BC. A mummy with a robe is in the Zagreb Museum in Croatia.

The meaning of the ancient message is unclear. It is presented as a ritual calendar, although there are only six months, said Lammert Bouquet van der Meer, a professor at Leiden University in the book " Prayers, places and rituals in Etruscan religion"(Brill, 2008).

For ancient egypt It was common to reuse materials for wrapping mummies or making death masks. At that time, trade in the Mediterranean Sea was widespread. There is nothing unusual in the fact that the fabric came from Italy to Egypt.

They probably contained Egyptian magic spells, but the text was written in a language unknown to science. Who knows, maybe any of these ancient manuscripts will be able to revolutionize existing ideas about the universe and history.

The Voynich Manuscript - the ancient encyclopedia of the Slavs

Today it is generally accepted that Voynich manuscript or the Voynich Manuscript is the most mysterious book in the world. At 209 pages, it contains an illustrated text written in the 15th century by an unknown author, in an unknown language, using an unknown alphabet. Numerous and very energetic attempts to decipher the text of the manuscript by Western specialists did not yield any results.

However, known for its inaccessibility to reading, Voynich manuscript actually turned out to be decipherable. Changing the approach to transcribing the manuscript gave a positive result. It was possible to translate a significant number of words. Analysis of the contents of the manuscript, taking into account the meaning of the translated words, showed that this artifact was born in the territory ancient Rus' and is a kind of collection of necessary Everyday life everyday knowledge. Peculiar encyclopedia of everyday knowledge.

…

Our ancestors left us many mysteries. Among others, a special place is occupied by the so-called. "Voynich Manuscript"(hereinafter referred to as “RV”). Its peculiarity lies in the variety of content and high level of encryption. Concerning transcripts the text itself, then this question in Lately It can be said without exaggeration that enormous attention was paid and enormous efforts were invested. Moreover, the best minds of cryptology were involved in deciphering it, including such government agencies as CIA And US NSA.

Specialists in other branches of knowledge and even specialists in occult theories did not stand aside either. Modern computing capabilities were used. Many languages ​​were analyzed for their possible use in the manuscript. As a result of this painstaking work, the only result obtained was The RF is a real document, which is a semantic text written using an unknown language.

Having analyzed the work done by specialists in deciphering the RT, it is easy to see that all of them, basically, tried to see the letters of the alphabet of a language in the signs with which the RT was written. Moreover, the languages ​​of the peoples of the West were mainly taken as a basis. We could not find such a language. Bearing in mind the high level of professionalism of these specialists, we can confidently conclude that there is no such language, the letters of the alphabet of which would be indicated by such signs.

Consequently, the signs with which the RV is written carry a different meaning, or their purpose is different. Therefore, it is necessary to change the approach to decoding, i.e. take as a basis not individual signs, but the system of signs as a whole. Namely, it is necessary to find a language whose alphabet structure would correspond to the structure of the system of signs used in writing RV.

Now it is necessary to find a pattern in the variety of signs with which the RV is written. Having analyzed the signs used in the RT, we were able to discover the following pattern. In other words, all the collection of signs is not chaotic, but represents a certain system (format).

Now the question arose to find a language whose alphabet format would coincide with the format of the RV characters. The searches carried out yielded results. Found ancient language, the alphabet format of which coincided with the character format used in the text of the RV. But then everything did not go smoothly. The structure of the complex of signs and the alphabet of the proposed language are identical, but the number of letters turned out to be slightly larger. I had to go back to the text.

As a result, a numerical mark was discovered in the text itself. Using this mark as a hint and assigning two letters to a certain number of characters, everything fell into place. Later, when translating some short words, the indicated assignment of signs to letters was confirmed. That's what it is second level of RF encryption.

Further, after analyzing the text with the existing data, it turned out that in words that begin with vowels, these vowels are omitted. Moreover, vowels are used very rarely within words. This can be considered third level encryption. These two circumstances further exclude the possibility of using computer programs to translate the text of the RV.

“Manual” translation is also difficult. So, for example, if a word in the text consists of 4 characters, then this supposed word will correspond to 8 letters, 4 of which must be excluded. Thus, it is practically impossible to do without perfect knowledge of this ancestral language. When translating short words, I used information obtained on the Internet, and there, as you know, they are limited and only of generally accepted use. And in this case, we have specific themes and an ancient language.

Using the above in the so-called botanical section The following short words were translated (short in the text of the RV): Sweet drink, nectar. Food, food. Pleasure, pleasure. Grain, bread. Six. Drink, absorb. Maturation, maturity. Saturated. Hemp, hemp, hemp clothing. Food, food. Maybe. Cleanse (intestines). Drink. Wish. Knowledge. Sweet drink, nectar and others.

There is no doubt that the correlation coefficient between the meaning of these words and the plants depicted is very high. Further in the text it was possible to translate a significant number of words, the meaning of which corresponds to the picture.

This allows us to draw two conclusions. Firstly. The language is determined correctly. Secondly. Assigning letters of the alphabet to signs corresponds to a real cipher.

Upon careful examination of the contents of the RV, one can notice, at first glance, the only recognizable element - in the form of a wall with architectural elements of the “dovetail” type. It is known that such elements were first used in Italy, then in Russia during the construction of the Moscow Kremlin. Subsequently, a more detailed analysis of fragments of this drawing confirmed that this image corresponds exactly Moscow Kremlin.

Now there is a need to turn to the history of the artifact itself. Analyzes of samples of parchment on which the RV is written showed that it was made in the period from 1408 to 1438. Some researchers consider this period to be the period when RV was written.

This is not entirely correct. Cases of archaeologists finding blank sheets of parchment give reason to believe that sometimes parchment was made in reserve. Moreover, on some sheets traces of old text being washed away were found, which indicates their reuse. Thus, it would be more correct to assume that RV was written no earlier than 1438.

The well-known period in the history of the Republic of Vietnam, which is documented, begins from the moment when it belonged to the Roman Emperor, the Czech and Hungarian kings Rudolf-2, who died in 1612. It is known that he bought it, but it is unknown from whom.

It should be noted that during this period in Europe there was a flourishing alchemy, and the contents of the RV, even today, are perceived by some as an alchemical treatise. Its center is Prague, where Rudolph II lived for some time. He himself was interested in the secret sciences of astrology and alchemy.

After the death of Rudolph II (1612), the manuscript became the property of his physician and caretaker of the botanical garden Jacob Harczycki, who was also known as an alchemist. This fact has been established precisely, because on the worn out spots on the first sheet of paper, RV managed to read his first and last name. It should be noted here that in the period 1605-1608. Rudolf-2 invited the famous Polish alchemist to his place Mikhail Sendzivoy. They worked together until the death of Rudolph II (1612).

And now we should turn to Poland at that time. In the period 1610-1612, the Polish garrison, led first by Zolkiewski and then by Gosniewski, occupied the Moscow Kremlin. And they didn’t just occupy it, but they took everything that could be taken out of it. A real robbery was taking place. It should also be noted here that the RV lacks several sheets, including those with naked women. This can be explained by the fact that at first the RV fell into the hands of illiterate soldiers and they used these sheets in their own way. Thus, it is realistic to assume that The RV was taken by the Poles from the Moscow Kremlin and fell into the hands of Rudolf-2 through the Pole Mikhail Sendziwy.

One more point needs to be noted here. The Moscow Kremlin with dovetail elements began to be built in 1485. Consequently, the RV could not have been written earlier than 1485. Further analysis of the contents of the text showed that it could have been written no later than 1530. Thus, the supposed period of writing RV 1485-1530.

Upon further analysis of the content of the RT using translated words, it was possible to determine content of the radioactive substance as a whole. The document contains several topics.

1. Description of plants growing in the territory where RV was written. The order of their cultivation and use in everyday life.

2. Organization proper nutrition, cooking and eating rituals.

3. Current time calculation. Year to lunar calendar indicating the names and descriptions of the months and days of the simple and sacred months. Daily time showing the name of each hour.

4. At all times in Rus', much attention was paid to the birth of healthy offspring. It was believed that this entirely depended on the woman’s health. At the same time, both astrological features of women’s pregnancy and their physical health were taken into account. One of the sections presents the peculiarities of the passage of the period of pregnancy in women at the beginning of it under various signs of the Zodiac. Another section contains advice on maintaining a woman’s health at a level that ensures the birth of healthy offspring. Here, most likely, there are recipes for preparing medicinal baths necessary in various situations and the procedure for taking them.

5. One of the sections presents the healing properties of the roots and fruits of various plants and the order of their use. The preparation method and procedure for using various tinctures are also given here.

6. Of particular importance is one of the drawings, consisting of nine independent but interconnected fragments. Detailed analysis he showed that this figure shows the structure of the state of Great Tartaria that existed during the period of writing the RT. The meaning of the translated words indicates the principles of the formation of this state. The capital of this state is shown as the city Asgard Irian, which was destroyed by the Dzungar hordes in 1530. This year, most likely, should be considered the last one in the possible period for writing the RV. Overall this figure is very informative.

This is most of the content of the RT, which was determined using the proposed key. The meaning of the last text section is not defined. There is an assumption, but it has not yet been confirmed.

Summarizing the results of the above analysis of the RV, the following suggests itself: conclusion. The Voynich manuscript is nothing more than encyclopedia of everyday knowledge of our ancestors. It was written, most likely, by priests who possessed such broad knowledge.

A natural question arises about the reason for encoding this knowledge. The real reason difficult to establish, but taking into account the surviving crumbs of our true history that have come down to us, we can conclude that during the period of writing the RT, a period began disintegration state of Great Tartary. In order to prevent this sacred knowledge from going beyond certain limits, they were encoded.

Nikolay Anichkin, 06/15/2017

The deciphered materials of the Voynich Manuscript are published on the “Food of RA” website...

Voynich manuscript. Voynich Manuscript