Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev, native land, abstract. Lesson "D"

Anna Akhmatova is an outstanding poetess of the 20th century. Her life and creative path cannot be called easy. The Soviet propaganda machine slandered her, created difficulties and obstacles, but the poetess remained a strong and unshakable patriot of her country. Her civic lyrics are aimed at telling everyone why they should love and be proud of their native land.

Anna Andreevna Akhmatova wrote “Native Land” in 1961. At this time, the poetess was in the Leningrad hospital. The poem is part of the collection “A Wreath for the Dead.”

“Native Land” belongs to the civil lyrics of the great poetess - therefore the motive for writing the work is very clear. For Akhmatova, the post-war period was a difficult period: personal family tragedies and the inability to publish freely, but the poetess did not give up and continued to write. Anna Andreevna’s patriotic poems were created as if in secret; she was forbidden to freely publish her works. Since the mid-50s, she was not allowed to live in peace, but she did not allow herself to break down and wrote again and again that her native country, although not ideal (“does not seem like a promised paradise”), still remains beloved. At the same time, many artists (writers, poets, playwrights, actors) left the country, disappointed and somewhat humiliated. They all lost faith in the Motherland, did not see anything positive, but Akhmatova saw, tried to feel in this darkness at least the slightest ray of light and found it. She found it in the nature of Russia - in its incredible nature - the nurse of the entire Russian people.

Genre, direction and size

“Native Land” is a deeply patriotic lyrical work. Akhmatova herself defined the genre of this poem as civil poetry. Strong love and respect for one’s country are the feelings that permeate these lines.

Anna Andreevna worked within the framework of the direction - Acmeism. The poem is small in volume - 14 lines, the first 8 of which are written in iambic, and the last 6 in anapest. Loose cross rhyme (ABAB) creates the impression of free composition. It is worth noting that the type of rhyme indicates the informality of the dialogue between the lyrical heroine and the audience. The work is not subject to a strict external form.

Composition

A trained reader will immediately notice some similarities between Akhmatova’s “Native Land” and Lermontov’s “Motherland”. In both poems, in the first lines, the poets deny pathos and patriotism, but only that which has become somewhat typical for people - glorification, hymns. Masters of words point to a “different” love, which does not have to be proven with “incense” on the chest and poems. Both poets say that true love for the Motherland is devoid of external manifestations and is not directed at the viewer - it is an intimate feeling, personal for each person, unlike anyone else.

It is also worth noting that in this poem Russia is precisely the land, a place of fertile soil, and not a country with military merits. This is exactly the kind of homeland that appears to ordinary people, for whom Akhmatova writes.

Compositionally, the poem can be divided into two parts.

1. In the first part, the denial of excessive expression in the manifestation of love for the Motherland comes to the fore.
2. In the second part there is an explanation of what the Motherland is for the poetess herself: “dirt on the galoshes,” “crunch on the teeth.”

Images and symbols

Poems of this type always contain the image of the Motherland. In this work, Akhmatova focuses readers’ attention on the fact that the homeland is not a country, but a land in the literal sense - loose, dirty, its own!

The poem is not replete with a lot of symbols, because it is not required. The poetess does not write about the Motherland as an artistic image, she depicts everything simply and clearly, describes what the motherland is for her, and what she personally is ready to do for the fatherland.

Of course, it is worth noting that in a lyrical work there is almost always an image of a lyrical hero. In this poem, the lyrical heroine is the poetess herself, Akhmatova depicts her own thoughts, what is close to her - the Motherland in its nature, the land, native landscapes, familiar and beloved landscapes.

Themes and mood

The main theme of “Native Land” is the image of a beloved country, but not traditionally - majestically and in a military way, but from the everyday side - the native land, a place of hard work and titanic labor.

From the very first lines, each reader begins to experience the feelings and mood that the poetess herself experienced - love. Akhmatova selflessly and devotedly loves Rus', does not shout about it to the whole world, but loves in her own way, for what is close to her. She soberly evaluates the Motherland, does not idealize it, because there are no universal ideals in the world that everyone would like: a person finds in the totality of pros and cons what is close to him, and for this he begins to love, beautifully, sacrificially, selflessly.

Meaning

The poem is philosophical; it is impossible to immediately answer what the Motherland is. Only at the end of the text is the author’s position and idea of ​​the poem visible - a person can call the region his own only if he intends to live in it until the end of his days, despite the difficulties and obstacles. I immediately want to draw a parallel with my mother: no one exchanges her for another, she is with us to the end. Kinship and blood ties cannot be changed in any way. So they don’t change the fatherland, even if it is not affectionate or beautiful. The poetess proved from her own experience that a true patriot can remain loyal to his country. Akhmatova says that the Fatherland is the true value of humanity, eternal, faithful, enduring.

I would like to note that the theme of the homeland for Akhmatova is one of the main thoughts in her work. She had a negative attitude towards those who left the country in search of a better life, although the country treated her very cruelly - her husband ended up in the grave, her son was serving a sentence in prison. These torments influenced the poetess’s work, creating an indescribable tragedy of the lyrics.

Means of artistic expression

The poem “Native Land” cannot be classified as a lyrical work that is replete with visual and expressive means, because the poetess wanted to convey everything simply and freely. One of the few tropes is the epithet “bitter dream,” which conveys the pain of the Russian person. The comparison “we do not make it in our souls an object of purchase and sale” is very expressive. The poetess again focuses on the fact that the Motherland is the most intimate and dear thing for people, something that cannot even be assessed. The lines “Yes, for us it’s dirt on the ears” are very metaphorical. Yes, for us it’s a crunch in the teeth.” The author shows exactly why he loves his native land.

It is worth noting that the very manner of writing this poem is an artistic means. Anna Andreevna wanted to succinctly and simply show with this lyrical work how and why you can love your Motherland. It seems to prove that the Fatherland is loved not externally, not in public, but secretly and intimately, each in his own way. To convey this as easily and naturally as possible, the poetess deliberately does not load the text with detailed metaphors, hyperboles and gradations, which every reader must think about before fully comprehending.

The author of the book brought to your attention, Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev, is an outstanding Soviet scientist in the field of literary criticism, the history of Russian and world culture. He has written more than two dozen major books and hundreds of research articles. D. S. Likhachev is a full member of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union, twice laureate of the USSR State Prize, honorary member of many foreign academies and universities.

Dmitry Sergeevich's erudition, his pedagogical talent and experience, the ability to speak about complex things simply, intelligibly and at the same time vividly and imaginatively - this is what distinguishes his works, makes them not just books, but a significant phenomenon in our entire cultural life. Considering the multi-valued issues of moral and aesthetic education as an integral part of communist education, D. S. Likhachev relies on the most important party documents calling for the greatest attention and responsibility to treat the cultural education of the Soviet people, and especially youth.

The propaganda activities of Dmitry Sergeevich, who constantly cares about the ideological and aesthetic education of our youth, and his persistent struggle for a careful attitude to the artistic heritage of the Russian people, are also widely known.

In his new book, Academician D. S. Likhachev emphasizes that the ability to comprehend the aesthetic and artistic perfection of timeless masterpieces of the cultural past is very important for the younger generation and contributes to the education in them of truly high civic positions of patriotism and internationalism.

Fate made me an expert in ancient Russian literature. However, what does “fate” mean? Fate was in me: in my inclinations and interests, in my choice of faculty at Leningrad University and in which of the professors I began to take classes with. I was interested in old manuscripts, I was interested in literature, I was attracted to Ancient Rus' and folk art. If we put all this together and multiply it with a certain perseverance and some stubbornness in conducting searches, then all this together opened the way for me to carefully study ancient Russian literature.

But the same fate, living within me, at the same time constantly distracted me from pursuing academic science. I am obviously a restless person by nature. Therefore, I often go beyond the boundaries of strict science, beyond what I am supposed to do in my “academic specialty.” I often appear in the general press and write in “non-academic” genres. I am sometimes worried about the fate of ancient manuscripts when they are abandoned and not studied, or about ancient monuments that are being destroyed, I am afraid of the fantasies of restorers who sometimes too boldly “restore” monuments to their own taste, I am worried about the fate of old Russian cities in the conditions of growing industry, I am interested in education patriotism in our youth and much, much more.

This book, now open to the reader, reflects many of my non-academic worries. I could call my book “a book of worries.” Here are many of my concerns, and concerns I would like to convey to my readers - to help foster in them active, creative - Soviet patriotism. Not patriotism that is satisfied with what has been achieved, but patriotism that strives for the best, striving to convey this best - both from the past and from the present - to future generations. In order not to make mistakes in the future, we must remember our mistakes in the past. We must love our past and be proud of it, but we must love the past for a reason, but the best in it - what we can really be proud of and what we need now and in the future.

Among lovers of antiquities, collectors and collectors are very common. Honor and praise to them. They saved a lot, which then ended up in state storage facilities and museums - donated, sold, bequeathed. Collectors collect things like this - rare ones for themselves, more often for their families, and even more often to bequeath to a museum - in their hometown, village, or even just at school (all good schools have museums - small, but very necessary!).

I have never been and never will be a collector. I want all values ​​to belong to everyone and serve everyone while remaining in their place. The whole earth owns and stores values, treasures of the past. This is a beautiful landscape, and beautiful cities, and the cities have their own art monuments, collected over many generations. And in the villages there are traditions of folk art and labor skills. Values ​​are not only material monuments, but also good customs, ideas about what is good and beautiful, traditions of hospitality, friendliness, and the ability to sense one’s own good in another. The values ​​are language and accumulated literary works. You can't list everything.

What is our Earth? This is a treasury of extraordinarily diverse and extraordinarily fragile creations of human hands and the human brain, rushing through outer space at an incredible, unimaginable speed. I called my book "Native Land". The word "earth" in Russian has many meanings. This is the soil, and the country, and the people (in the latter sense, the Russian land is spoken of in “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”), and the entire globe.

In the title of my book, the word "earth" can be understood in all these senses.

The earth creates man. Without her he is nothing. But man also creates the earth. Its preservation, peace on earth, and the increase in its wealth depend on man. It is up to the individual to create conditions under which the values ​​of culture will be preserved, grown and multiplied, when all people will be intellectually rich and intellectually healthy.

This is the idea behind all sections of my book. I write about many things in different ways, in different genres, in different manners, even at different reading levels. But everything I write about, I strive to connect with the single idea of ​​love for my land, for my land, for my Earth...

Appreciating the beauty of the past, we must be smart. We must understand that in admiring the amazing beauty of architecture in India, one does not have to be a Mohammedan, just as one does not have to be a Buddhist to appreciate the beauty of the temples of ancient Cambodia or Nepal. Are there people today who believe in ancient gods and goddesses? - No. But are there people who would deny the beauty of the Venus de Milo? But this is a goddess! Sometimes it even seems to me that we, people of the New Age, value ancient beauty more than the ancient Greeks and Romans themselves. It was too familiar to them.

Is this why we, Soviet people, began to perceive so keenly the beauty of ancient Russian architecture, ancient Russian literature and ancient Russian music, which are one of the highest peaks of human culture. Only now are we beginning to realize this, and even then not fully.

Of course, when developing your attitude and fighting for the preservation of monuments of artistic culture of the past, you must always remember that, as F. Engels wrote about the historical conditionality of the form and content of medieval art, “the worldview of the Middle Ages was predominantly theological... The Church gave religious sanctification to the secular political system , based on feudal principles... From here it naturally followed that church dogma was the starting point and basis of all thinking" (Marx K., Engels F. Sobr. soch., vol. 21, p. 495).

Appreciating the beautiful in the past, protecting it, we thereby seem to follow the behest of A.S. Pushkin: “Respect for the past is the feature that distinguishes education from savagery...”.

Today we will get acquainted with the chapters from Likhachev’s book “Native Land”. In the course of joint reasoning, let us answer the question: how are a person and the land on which he lives connected? We will also consider a new literary genre - the genre of journalism.

Why is this genre interesting? Why has it become so popular in recent decades?

Motherland, Fatherland, native land, filial fidelity... These, I hope, are sacred concepts for each of us, not only today and not only the current generation are connected with the Motherland, Motherland is a timeless concept, it unites us all into a great, powerful family.

We have a thousand years of history behind us, the Motherland is our grandfathers and great-grandfathers, it’s all of us now living, adults and children, the Motherland is also a special corner, that cherished, native land where we were born. Russian nature, Russian history, Russian art, the Russian word connect the past and the present, without which a living connection between generations and times is impossible. The chapters of the book D, S are imbued with sincerity, love for the native land, its past, present and future, for people. Likhachev "Native Land".

— At home, you read the introductory article of the textbook, what does it say?

The scientist tells how his fate unfolded, shares the experience of his life, his thoughts. This is an autobiographical story, a memoir.

Likhachev is the author of numerous studies on ancient Russian literature, one of the outstanding scientists of our time, literary critic, public figure, expert on the Russian word. He has done a lot to preserve and develop the culture of our country.

The scientist’s personality is multifaceted: before Likhachev, ancient Russian literary monuments were studied primarily as historical sources. He showed that the literature of Ancient Rus' is a special artistic world, Old Russian literature D, S. Likhachev considers it as an integral part of our culture. In the scientist’s books and articles, the distant past comes to life and real historical events are captured.
Likhachev was born on November 28, 1906 in St. Petersburg in the family of an engineer, died on September 30, 1999. Almost the same age as the century, he was and remains a symbol
intelligence, spirituality of Russia, he is often called a man of the era, a man of legend.

D.S. Likhachev is a man whose name is known on all continents, an outstanding expert on not only domestic but also world culture, elected an honorary member of many foreign academies, the author of 500 scientific and about 600 journalistic works. 2006 was declared by the President of the Russian Federation Putin as the Year of Likhachev.

Likhachev - a man whose name went beyond the boundaries of planet Earth: July 13, 1984
year, the name “Likhachev” was assigned to a minor planet of the Solar System NQ 2877 and included in the International Planetary Catalog.

— Let’s return to Likhachev’s article. What distracted the scientist from pursuing academic science?

— What are spiritual values, as stated in the author’s introductory speech?

This is a kind of spiritual capital of humanity, accumulated over millennia,
which not only does not depreciate, but, as a rule, increases. We are talking primarily about moral and aesthetic values. They are rightfully considered the highest, because they largely determine human behavior.

For moral values, the main question is the relationship between good and evil, the nature of happiness and justice, love and hate, the meaning of life.

Spiritual values ​​are good customs, traditions, ideas about the good and the beautiful, as well as language, literary works that raise a person above the ordinary and show him the ideal.

— What do you think about the meaning of the title of the book “Native Land”?

Let us pay attention to how the scientist explains the meaning of the word “earth”. We read: “The word “earth” in Russian has many meanings. This is the soil, and the country, and the people (in the latter sense, the Russian land is spoken of in “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”), and the entire globe. In the title of my book, the word “earth” can be understood in all these senses.”

—What can a person do for his land?

We read: “The earth creates man. Without her he is nothing. But man also creates the earth. Its preservation, peace on earth, and the increase in its wealth depend on man.”

The book “Native Land” is compiled in the form of letters about good things and is addressed to the younger generation.

— Tell me, what questions and topics for conversation with young people seem to be the most important to the scientist? Why are his observations interesting?
Student answers:
- What is a sense of life? What brings people together?
- How to be cheerful, but not funny?
- Should I be offended?
- True and false honor.
- A person must be intelligent.
— About bad and good influences.
- The art of making mistakes.
- How to say? How to perform? How to write?
- Love to read! Learn to learn!
- Travel!
— Learn to understand art.
— About Russian nature and landscape painting, the nature of other countries.
— Gardens and parks. Monuments of art.
— About memory and monuments of the past.
- Know how to notice the beauty of our cities and villages.

— About the art of words and philology.
— As we see, each chapter deserves attention and thoughtful reading, serves as a reason for conversation and reflection about problems that are significant and important to each of us.

I think these chapters can also be called parting words for teenagers starting to live.

The word “literary scholars” (let’s clarify the lexical meaning of words, targeted homework).

Spiritual parting words - words, wishes for those setting off on a journey, as well as general teaching and advice for the future. Spirituality is a property of the soul consisting
in the predominance of spiritual, moral interests over material ones.

And here we involuntarily remember the lesson, parting words of one of the first writers of Rus', which we read at the beginning of the school year. Remember!
— “Teaching” by Vladimir Monomakh (1053-1125).

- When did he write his teaching? (As he put it, “on a long journey, sitting on a sleigh,” that is, at the end of his life, being wise with great political and life experience.)

— What kind of person was Vladimir Monomakh?

(This is a sincere, noble, “humanely minded person, always thinking about the good of his state.” He calls for goodness, mercy, enlightenment. “The Teaching” of Vladimir Monomakh has long been a favorite reading in Rus'.)

— Is it possible to call the book “Native Land” close to “Teaching”?

(The author of this book, like the prince of Ancient Rus', is an elderly, wise, authoritative person. The advice that can be obtained by reading this book concerns almost all aspects of life. This is a collection of wisdom, the speech of a benevolent teacher, whose pedagogical tact and ability to speak with students is one of his main talents.)

— What are the similarities between Vladimir Monomakh’s “Instruction” and Dmitry Likhachev’s appeal to young people?

(Kind, smart instructions, advice, unobtrusive teachings.)
- I’ll add. It is interesting that both in Vladimir Monomakh’s “Teaching” and in Likhachev’s reflections, the complex topic of a person’s moral choice takes the form of a simple, confidential conversation about how to find harmony with the world around us.

In the book “Native Land,” the scientist generously shares with young readers his thoughts on what seems important to him: the meaning of life, friendship, culture.

Now let’s get acquainted with Likhachev’s judgments expressed in individual chapters of his book, included in the textbook (accent reading): “Youth is all life”, “Art opens up a big world for us”, “Learning to speak and write”
sat."

- “Youth is all life.” What are the main provisions of the article?. (The scientist recalls that as a schoolboy it seemed to him: “... when I grow up, everything will be different. I will live among some other people, in a different environment... But in reality it turned out differently...)

- How did it turn out? What did the scientist want to say, what to warn about?

- “My reputation as a comrade, a person, a worker remained with me, passed into that other world that I had dreamed of since childhood, and if it changed, it did not start anew at all...”

— What examples does the author give to confirm this?

- Remembers his parents. “I remember that my mother’s best friends until the end of her long life were her school friends, and when they left for the “other world,” there was no replacement for them. It’s the same with my father—his friends were friends of his youth.”

— Why didn’t Likhachev’s parents find replacements for their friends who had passed away?

“As an adult, it was difficult to make friends. It is in youth that a person’s character is formed, and the circle of his best friends is formed - the closest, the most necessary.”

The formation of character occurs gradually; tastes and views are determined during the period of study at school and university. And in this case, it is important to choose a circle of friends.

— How do you understand the saying: “Take care of your honor from a young age”? (Let us also remember the wise
sayings: “What tender childhood is taught, even decrepit old age cannot abandon”, “What goes around comes around”
A completely unusual chapter: “Don’t be funny.” 8 it says “about the form of our behavior, about what should become our habit and what should also become our internal content.”

— Let’s try to figure out what is important to know and do in order not to be funny.
(To be able to maintain dignity, not to impose one’s sorrows on others, to be friendly, to be able to listen, to be able to remain silent, to be able to joke, but at the right time; not to be intrusive even with one’s friendly feelings, not to be tormented by one’s physical disabilities; to respect others, to be truthful; not to be funny in the way he dresses.) This, it turns out, is a great and real art that helps to live in society.

Do you agree that in order not to be funny, you need not only the ability to behave, but also intelligence?

— Let’s read again Likhachev’s statements: “Intelligence is not only in knowledge, but in the ability to understand another. It manifests itself in a thousand and a thousand little things: in the ability to argue respectfully, in the ability to quietly (precisely imperceptibly) help another, to take care of nature, even in the habit of behaving modestly at the table, not littering around oneself - not littering with cigarette butts or swearing, bad ideas (this also rubbish, and whatnot!).”

Let's summarize:
— What did you think about, what became important to you after reading the chapters of the book “Native Land”?

“Avatars”, “Watches”, detective series - it is from here that young people often draw those “values” that determine their spiritual world. "Clip"
the culture is so ingrained in the minds of teenagers that they not only cannot read a classic novel, they cannot even watch the film adaptation of this very novel to the end. The slowness of artistic narration, characteristic of the best examples of both literary and cinematic art, is alien to the infant generation, brought up on the endless flickering of plans.
Can Likhachev’s letters to young people be called a guide to life? Are his observations interesting? What have we learned from the scientist?
— The book reflects the life experience and worldview of the scientist; you need in life
be generous, bring goodness and joy to people; Likhachev teaches to love life, enjoy music, art, the beauty of the world, advises to look closely at yourself, at the people around you, and think about the meaning of life.

— We found answers to the questions: how not to be funny? How to live long and
happy life? D.S. Likhachev also speaks of a careful attitude towards the Russian
in a word, teaches to be interested in the past, to love it. He talks about love “for your land, for your Earth.”

— The relevance of the book lies in the fact that it makes you think about very important questions: it is not too late to correct yourself, to save the earth for our descendants, and for this we need to learn everything good.

— You’re right, guys, I’ll share with you another thought that I liked.
Likhachev about the living connection between times and generations, a unique answer to the question: is it worth re-reading books, looking at relics darkened by time? Does it make sense to preserve log cabins with carved frames and embroidered homespun towels?

In the book “Native Land,” Likhachev raises the question of the historical and cultural continuity of generations. He believes that culture can overcome
time, connecting the past, present and future.

Without the past, he believes, there is no future; he who does not know the past cannot build the future. We have seen how important the wise, cleansing word of Likhachev, a man of high spirituality, is for us today.

We feel true spiritual harmony when we have a reliable friend nearby, when we love our native nature, our fatherland, when we live according to high moral standards. The idea that the source of beauty is man himself is very dear to us; peace on Earth, its preservation, and the increase in its wealth depend on him.

Urgently, we need help! Look inside! and got the best answer

Answer from Alexey Khoroshev[guru]
It won’t work in three sentences, Academician Likhachev’s work is so multifaceted and multifaceted.

Patriotism must certainly be the spirit of all humanities, the spirit of all teaching.
Love for the Motherland begins with love for your family, for your home, for your school. With age, she also becomes love for her city, for her village, for her native nature, for her fellow countrymen, and having matured, she becomes conscious and strong, until her death, with love for her country and its people. It is impossible to skip over any link in this process, and it is very difficult to fasten the whole chain again when something in it has fallen out or, moreover, was missing from the very beginning.
Every developed person should have a broad outlook. And for this it is not enough to be familiar with the main phenomena and values ​​of only one’s modern national culture. Understanding of other cultures, other nationalities is necessary - without this it is ultimately impossible to communicate with people, and each of us knows from our own life experience how important this is.
The birth of Russian literature was facilitated by the excellent, flexible and laconic Russian language, which had reached a high level of development at the time of the emergence of Russian literature. The rich and expressive Russian language was clearly represented in folk art, in business writing, in oratory at veches, in court, before battles, at feasts and princely congresses. It was a language with an extensive vocabulary, with developed terminology - legal, military, feudal, technical; abundant in synonyms capable of reflecting various emotional shades, allowing for diverse forms of word formation.
From its very origins, Russian literature has been closely connected with Russian historical reality. The history of Russian literature is part of the history of the Russian people. This is primarily what determines her creative originality.
In addition, the study of our past can - and should - enrich modern culture. Modern reading of forgotten ideas, images, traditions, as often happens, can tell us a lot of new things. The significance of present events can only be truly determined against the backdrop of large periods of history. And the more significant the present, the longer the period of time required to evaluate it.
The significance of the style of monumental historicism is extremely great. A broad view of the world and history made it possible to more clearly sense the unity of all vast Rus' during a period when political and economic ties between individual regions weakened. The style of dynamic monumentalism was expressed for a long time in our ancient literatures - Old Russian, Old Belarusian and Old Ukrainian, serving the idea of ​​​​the unity of our peoples, specifically recalling the unity of the entire vast territory of Ancient Rus'. We must be grateful sons of our great mother - Ancient Rus'. The past must serve the present!
Source: Enlightenment

Answer from 2 answers[guru]

Hello! Here is a selection of topics with answers to your question: Urgently, I need help! Look inside!

Answer from Yamil Reich[newbie]
LIKHACHEV DMITRY SERGEEVICH
Native land.
I love Ancient Rus'.
There were many aspects of Ancient Rus' that should not be admired at all. But nevertheless, I love this era very much, because I see in it a struggle, people’s suffering, an extremely intense attempt in different groups of society to correct shortcomings: among the peasantry, and among the military, and among writers. It is not for nothing that journalism was so developed in Ancient Rus', despite the most severe persecution of any manifestation of hidden or overt protest against exploitation and tyranny.
This side of ancient Russian life: the struggle for a better life, the struggle for correction, the struggle even simply for a military organization, more perfect and better, which could defend the people from constant invasions - it attracts me. Knowledge of the distant past of the Fatherland, long-suffering and heroic, allows us to better understand and see the true roots of ascetic, courageous service to the interests of our native land, the interests of our people.
Patriotism is a creative principle, a principle that can inspire a person’s whole life: his choice of his profession, his range of interests - determine everything in a person and illuminate everything. Patriotism is the theme, so to speak, of a person’s life” in his work.
Patriotism must certainly be the spirit of all humanities, the spirit of all teaching. From this point of view, it seems to me that the work of local historians in rural schools is very indicative. Indeed, patriotism first of all begins with love for one’s city, for one’s locality, and this does not exclude love for our entire vast country. Just as love for one’s school does not exclude love, say, first of all for one’s teacher.
I think that teaching local history at school could serve as the basis for instilling true Soviet patriotism. In the last grades of school, two or three years of a course in local history, associated with excursions to historical places, with the romance of travel, would be extremely useful.
I adhere to the view that love for the Motherland begins with love for your family, for your home, for your school. She is gradually growing. With age, she also becomes love for her city, for her village, for her native nature, for her fellow countrymen, and having matured, she becomes conscious and strong, until her death, with love for her socialist country and its people. It is impossible to skip over any link in this process, and it is very difficult to fasten the whole chain again when something in it has fallen out or, moreover, was missing from the very beginning.
Why do I consider interest in the culture and literature of our past not only natural, but also necessary?
In my opinion, every developed person should have a broad outlook. And for this it is not enough to be familiar with the main phenomena and values ​​of only one’s modern national culture. Understanding of other cultures, other nationalities is necessary - without this it is ultimately impossible to communicate with people, and each of us knows from our own life experience how important this is.
Russian literature of the 19th century. - one of the pinnacles of world culture, the most valuable asset of all humanity. How did it come about? Based on the thousand-year experience of word culture. Ancient Russian literature remained incomprehensible for a long time, as did the painting of that time. True recognition came to them relatively recently.
Yes, the voice of our medieval literature is quiet. And yet it amazes us with the monumentality and grandeur of the whole. It also has a strong folk humanistic element, which should never be forgotten. It contains great aesthetic values...
Remember “The Tale of Bygone Years”... This is not only a chronicle, our first historical document, it is an outstanding literary work that speaks of a great sense of national identity, a broad view of the world, the perception of Russian history as part and

Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev

Native Land

To our readers!

The author of the book brought to your attention, Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev, is an outstanding Soviet scientist in the field of literary criticism, the history of Russian and world culture. He has written more than two dozen major books and hundreds of research articles. D. S. Likhachev is a full member of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union, twice laureate of the USSR State Prize, honorary member of many foreign academies and universities.

Dmitry Sergeevich's erudition, his pedagogical talent and experience, the ability to speak about complex things simply, intelligibly and at the same time vividly and imaginatively - this is what distinguishes his works, makes them not just books, but a significant phenomenon in our entire cultural life. Considering the multi-valued issues of moral and aesthetic education as an integral part of communist education, D. S. Likhachev relies on the most important party documents calling for the greatest attention and responsibility to treat the cultural education of the Soviet people, and especially youth.

The propaganda activities of Dmitry Sergeevich, who constantly cares about the ideological and aesthetic education of our youth, and his persistent struggle for a careful attitude to the artistic heritage of the Russian people, are also widely known.

In his new book, Academician D. S. Likhachev emphasizes that the ability to comprehend the aesthetic and artistic perfection of timeless masterpieces of the cultural past is very important for the younger generation and contributes to the education in them of truly high civic positions of patriotism and internationalism.

Fate made me an expert in ancient Russian literature. However, what does “fate” mean? Fate was in me: in my inclinations and interests, in my choice of faculty at Leningrad University and in which of the professors I began to take classes with. I was interested in old manuscripts, I was interested in literature, I was attracted to Ancient Rus' and folk art. If we put all this together and multiply it with a certain perseverance and some stubbornness in conducting searches, then all this together opened the way for me to carefully study ancient Russian literature.

But the same fate, living within me, at the same time constantly distracted me from pursuing academic science. I am obviously a restless person by nature. Therefore, I often go beyond the boundaries of strict science, beyond what I am supposed to do in my “academic specialty.” I often appear in the general press and write in “non-academic” genres. I am sometimes worried about the fate of ancient manuscripts when they are abandoned and not studied, or about ancient monuments that are being destroyed, I am afraid of the fantasies of restorers who sometimes too boldly “restore” monuments to their own taste, I am worried about the fate of old Russian cities in the conditions of growing industry, I am interested in education patriotism in our youth and much, much more.

This book, now open to the reader, reflects many of my non-academic worries. I could call my book “a book of worries.” Here are many of my concerns, and concerns I would like to convey to my readers - to help foster in them active, creative - Soviet patriotism. Not patriotism that is satisfied with what has been achieved, but patriotism that strives for the best, striving to convey this best - both from the past and from the present - to future generations. In order not to make mistakes in the future, we must remember our mistakes in the past. We must love our past and be proud of it, but we must love the past for a reason, but the best in it - what we can really be proud of and what we need now and in the future.

Among lovers of antiquities, collectors and collectors are very common. Honor and praise to them. They saved a lot, which then ended up in state storage facilities and museums - donated, sold, bequeathed. Collectors collect things like this - rare ones for themselves, more often for their families, and even more often to bequeath to a museum - in their hometown, village, or even just at school (all good schools have museums - small, but very necessary!).

I have never been and never will be a collector. I want all values ​​to belong to everyone and serve everyone while remaining in their place. The whole earth owns and stores values, treasures of the past. This is a beautiful landscape, and beautiful cities, and the cities have their own art monuments, collected over many generations. And in the villages there are traditions of folk art and labor skills. Values ​​are not only material monuments, but also good customs, ideas about what is good and beautiful, traditions of hospitality, friendliness, and the ability to sense one’s own good in another. The values ​​are language and accumulated literary works. You can't list everything.

What is our Earth? This is a treasury of extraordinarily diverse and extraordinarily fragile creations of human hands and the human brain, rushing through outer space at an incredible, unimaginable speed. I called my book "Native Land". The word "earth" in Russian has many meanings. This is the soil, and the country, and the people (in the latter sense, the Russian land is spoken of in “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”), and the entire globe.

In the title of my book, the word "earth" can be understood in all these senses.

The earth creates man. Without her he is nothing. But man also creates the earth. Its preservation, peace on earth, and the increase in its wealth depend on man. It is up to the individual to create conditions under which the values ​​of culture will be preserved, grown and multiplied, when all people will be intellectually rich and intellectually healthy.

This is the idea behind all sections of my book. I write about many things in different ways, in different genres, in different manners, even at different reading levels. But everything I write about, I strive to connect with the single idea of ​​love for my land, for my land, for my Earth...

Appreciating the beauty of the past, we must be smart. We must understand that in admiring the amazing beauty of architecture in India, one does not have to be a Mohammedan, just as one does not have to be a Buddhist to appreciate the beauty of the temples of ancient Cambodia or Nepal. Are there people today who believe in ancient gods and goddesses? - No. But are there people who would deny the beauty of the Venus de Milo? But this is a goddess! Sometimes it even seems to me that we, people of the New Age, value ancient beauty more than the ancient Greeks and Romans themselves. It was too familiar to them.

Is this why we, Soviet people, began to perceive so keenly the beauty of ancient Russian architecture, ancient Russian literature and ancient Russian music, which are one of the highest peaks of human culture. Only now are we beginning to realize this, and even then not fully.