Daniil Kharms: biography and interesting facts.

Daniil Kharms (Daniil Ivanovich Yuvachev) was born on December 30 (according to the old style - 17) December 1905. His father, Ivan Pavlovich Yuvachev, was a man of exceptional destiny. For participation in the Narodnaya Volya terror, he (then a naval officer) was tried in 1883 and spent four years in solitary confinement, and then more than ten years in hard labor. Kharms’s mother ran a shelter for former convicts in St. Petersburg.
Kharms studied at the St. Petersburg German school (Peterschule), where he acquired a thorough knowledge of German and English languages. In 1924, he entered the Leningrad Electrical Technical School, from where a year later he was expelled for “poor attendance” and “inactivity in public works.” Thus, neither higher nor average special education the writer could not get it. But he was intensively engaged in self-education, especially interested in philosophy and psychology. He lived exclusively on literary earnings. Since 1924, he begins to call himself Kharms. This was the main of his many aliases; originating, perhaps, from both the French “charm” (charm, charm) and the English “harm” (harm, misfortune); it quite accurately reflected the essence of the writer’s attitude to life and work: Kharms knew how to travesty the most serious things and find very sad moments in the most seemingly funny ones. The same ambivalence was characteristic of his personality: orientation towards the game, towards funny prank combined with sometimes painful suspiciousness, with the confidence that he brings misfortune to those he loves.
In 1925, Kharms met young Esther Rusakova and soon married her. The romance and marriage were difficult and painful for both parties - until the divorce in 1932. However, throughout his life he will remember Esther and compare with her all the women with whom fate brings him together.
In 1925, Kharms joined a small group of Leningrad poets, led by Alexander Tufanov; they called themselves “zaumniks.” Here an acquaintance occurs and a friendship arises with Alexander Vvedensky. In 1926, they, together with young philosophers Leonid Lipavsky and Yakov Druskin, formed the “Chinari” association. Around the same time, Kharms and Vvedensky were accepted into the Leningrad branch of the All-Russian Union of Poets. In the collections of the Union they publish two of their poems, which remain the only “adult” works that they are destined to see published. Main form activities of the “plane trees” - performances with reading of their poems in clubs, universities, literary circles; they usually ended in scandals.
Kharms participates in various left-wing associations and initiates their creation. In 1927, the Association of Real Art (OBERIU) emerged, which, in addition to Kharms and Vvedensky, included Nikolai Zabolotsky, Konstantin Vaginov, Igor Bakhterev, and Nikolai Oleinikov, who became a close friend of Kharms, also joined them.
The only evening of OBERIU on January 24, 1928 became a kind of benefit performance for Kharms: in the first part he read poetry, and in the second his play “Elizabeth Bam” was staged (it in many ways anticipates the discoveries of the European theater of the absurd). Sharply negative reviews in the press determined the impossibility of such evenings; now the Oberiuts could only perform small programs. Finally, one of their speeches at the Leningrad State University dormitory aroused new accusations of counter-revolutionism. In 1930, OBERIU ceased to exist, and at the end of 1931, Kharms and Vvedensky were arrested. The sentence, however, was relatively mild - exile to Kursk, and the efforts of friends led to the fact that already in the fall of 1932 the poets were able to return to Leningrad.
Back at the end of 1927, Oleinikov and Boris Zhitkov organized the “Association of Writers of Children's Literature” and invited Kharms to it. From 1928 to 1941, he constantly collaborated in children's magazines “Hedgehog”, “Chizh”, “Cricket”, “Oktyabryata”, and published about 20 children’s books. Poems and prose for children provide a unique outlet for his playful element, but they were written solely for earning money and the author did not attach much importance to them. The attitude of official party criticism towards them was clearly negative.
After the exile, there could be no talk of any publications or speeches. Moreover, it was necessary to hide his creativity from outsiders. Therefore, communication between former Oberiuts and people close to them now took place in apartments. Kharms, Vvedensky, Lipavsky, Druskin, Zabolotsky, Oleinikov, had conversations on literary, philosophical and other topics. The activities of this circle continued for several years. But in 1936, Vvedensky married a Kharkov woman and went to her; in 1937, Oleinikov was arrested and soon shot.
Kharms’ “adult” works are now written exclusively “for the table.” Poetry is replaced by prose, leading prose genre becomes a story. In the 30s there is a desire for a large form. Its first example can be considered the cycle “Cases” - thirty short stories and sketches, which Kharms arranged in a certain order, copied into a separate notebook and dedicated to his second wife Marina Malich (whom he married in 1935). In 1939, the second big thing appeared - the story “The Old Woman”. About a dozen stories written in 1940–1941 are known.
By the end of the 30s, the ring around Kharms was shrinking. There are fewer and fewer opportunities to be published in children's magazines. The consequence of this was a very real famine. The tragedy of the writer’s works during this period intensifies to a feeling of complete hopelessness, complete meaninglessness of existence. Kharms’ humor also undergoes a similar evolution: from light, slightly ironic – to black.
The beginning of the war and the first bombing of Leningrad intensified Kharms’s feeling of his own approaching death. In August 1941, he was arrested for “defeatist statements.” Long time no one knew anything about him future fate, only in February 1942 Marina Malich was informed about the death of her husband. Opinion about him last days contradictory. Some believe that Kharms, who was threatened with execution, was feigning mental disorder and was sent to a prison psychiatric hospital, where he died during the first besieged Leningrad winter. There is also information that Kharms was actually diagnosed with schizophrenia shortly before his arrest, so he was admitted to the hospital for compulsory treatment. It is not known exactly where he died - in Leningrad or Novosibirsk. Date of death: February 2, 1942
Kharms's manuscripts were preserved by his friend Joseph Druskin; he took them in the winter of 1942 from the writer’s empty room. I did not part with this suitcase either during the evacuation or upon returning to Leningrad; I did not touch its contents for about twenty years, maintaining hope for a miracle - the return of the owner. And only when there was no hope, he began to sort out the papers of his deceased friend.
Daniil Kharms has verses that many call prophetic:
A man left the house
With rope and bag
And on a long journey, and on a long journey
I set off on foot.
He walked and kept looking ahead,
And he kept looking forward,
Didn't sleep, didn't drink,
Didn't sleep, didn't drink,
Didn't sleep, didn't drink, didn't eat.
And then one morning
He entered the dark forest
And from that time on, and from that time on,
And from then on he disappeared...
And if somewhere it
I'll have to meet you
Then hurry, then hurry,
Tell us quickly.

Twenty-five years after his death, Kharms was appreciated by a wide readership. His second birth began, which continues today.

Daniil Kharms. Poems for children

Widely known as children's writer and author of satirical prose. From 1928 to 1941 . he constantly collaborates in children's magazines Hedgehog, Chizh, Sverchok, Oktyabryata. Kharms publishes about 20 children's books. Poems and prose for children provide a unique outlet for Kharms’s playful element, but they were written solely for earning money and the author did not attach much importance to them. The attitude of official party criticism towards them was clearly negative. In our country for a long time Kharms was known primarily as a children's writer. K. Chukovsky and S. Marshak highly valued this hypostasis of his work, and even to some extent considered Kharms the forerunner of children's literature. The transition to creativity for children (and the phenomenal success among the children's readership) was due not only to forced external circumstances, but most of all to the fact that children's thinking, not bound by the usual logical schemes, is more prone to the perception of free and arbitrary associations. Kharms’s neologisms resemble words distorted by a child or deliberate agrammatisms (“skask”, “song”, “shchekalatka”, “valenki”, “sabachka”, etc.).

Name: Daniil Kharms (Daniil Yuvachev)

Age: 36 years

Activity: poet, writer, playwright

Family status: was married

Daniil Kharms: biography

Daniil Ivanovich Kharms - talented poet, member creative association"OBERIU", but above all, readers associate Kharms as the author of children's literature. He gave girls and boys poems and stories that, after many years, became immortal. Such works include “The Amazing Cat”, “Liar”, “Very scary tale”, “Firstly and secondly”, “A man came out of the house”, “Old woman”, etc.

Childhood and youth

Daniil Ivanovich Yuvachev was born on December 17 (30), 1905 in cultural capital Russia - the city of St. Petersburg. The boy grew up and was brought up in an intelligent and wealthy family. His father Ivan Pavlovich also left a mark on history: initially he positioned himself as a revolutionary revolutionary, and miraculously escaped death penalty, changed his outlook on life and became a spiritual writer.

It is known that during a trip to Sakhalin, where he spent eight years in hard labor, Daniil Kharms’s father met, who made Yuvachev the prototype of a revolutionary in his work “The Story unknown person"(1893). The exile helped Yuvachev get rid of unceremonious moods, and, having survived all the hardships of fate, in 1899 Ivan Pavlovich returned to St. Petersburg, where he served in the inspection office of the Savings Banks Administration, worked in the editorial office and worked literary activity.

Yuvachev Sr. communicated not only with Chekhov, but also was in friendly correspondence with and. In 1902, Ivan Pavlovich proposed marriage to Nadezhda Ivanovna Kolyubakina, who came from a noble family that settled in the Saratov province. She was in charge of the shelter and was known as a comforter to women who had been in captivity. And if Nadezhda Ivanovna raised her children in love, then Ivan Pavlovich adhered to strict rules regarding the behavior of his offspring. In addition to Daniel, the couple had a daughter, Elizabeth, and two other children died at an early age.

When on site Russian Empire The first seeds of the revolution were growing, the future poet studied at the privileged German school “Die Realschule”, which was part of the “Petrishule” (the first educational institution founded in St. Petersburg in 1702). The main breadwinner in the house had a beneficial influence on his son: thanks to his father, Daniel began to study foreign languages(English and German), and also fell in love scientific literature.

According to rumors, Ivan Pavlovich’s son studied well, however little boy However, like all children, they were prone to pranks: in order to avoid punishment from teachers, Daniil sometimes acted out acting scenes, pretending to be an orphan. After receiving his matriculation certificate, the young man chose a down-to-earth path and entered the Leningrad Energy College. However, on the bench of this educational institution Kharms did not stay long: the careless student never bothered to get a diploma due to the fact that he often skipped classes and did not participate in community service.

Poetry

After Daniil Yuvachev was expelled from the Leningrad Technical School, he began to engage in literary activities. Although, it is worth saying that his love for creativity appeared in early years: as a schoolboy, he composed an interesting fairy tale, which I read to my four-year-old sister Natalia, early death which became a shock for the future poet.

Daniil Ivanovich did not want to see himself as a prose writer and chose writing poetry as his field. But the first creative attempts of the aspiring poet resembled an incoherent stream of thought, and the father young man didn't share literary passions son, since he was an adherent of strict and classical literature in the person of Leo Tolstoy and.

In 1921–1922, Daniil Yuvachev became Daniil Kharms. By the way, some writers are still struggling to solve the mystery that shrouded the creative pseudonym assigned worldwide famous author children's poems. According to rumors, the son of Ivan Pavlovich explained to a friend that his nickname comes from English word“harm”, which translated into Russian means “harm”. However, there is an assumption that the word “Kharms” comes from the French “charme” - “charm, charm.”

Others believe that Daniel's nickname was inspired by his favorite character Sherlock Holmes from the books of Sir. They also used to say that the poet signed his passport with a pencil next to his real surname with a dash “Harms”, and then completely legitimized his pseudonym. A talented literary figure believed that one constant nickname brings misfortune, so Daniil Ivanovich had many pseudonyms that changed like gloves: Kharms, Haarms, Dandan, Daniil Shardam, etc.

In 1924–1926, Daniil Ivanovich begins his creative biography. The young man not only writes poems, but also recites the works of others at public performances. Also in 1926, Kharms joined the All-Russian Union of Poets, but the writer was expelled three years later for non-payment of membership fees. At that time, the poet was inspired by creativity and.

In 1927, a new literary community emerged in Leningrad, called “OBERIU” (“Union of Real Art”). Just as he and other futurists once called for throwing modernity off the boat, the “chinari” rejected conservative forms of art, promoting original methods of depicting reality, the grotesque and the poetics of the absurd.

They not only read poems, but also organized dance evenings, where those who came danced the foxtrot. In addition to Kharms, Alexander Vvedensky, Igor Bakhterev and other literary figures were members of this circle. At the end of 1927, thanks to Oleinikov and Zhitkov, Daniil Kharms and his associates began to compose poems for children.

Daniil Ivanovich’s works could be seen in the popular publications “Hedgehog”, “Chizh” and “Cricket”. Moreover, Yuvachev, in addition to poems, also published stories, drew cartoons and puzzles, which were solved by both children and their parents.

It cannot be said that this type of activity brought Kharms unprecedented pleasure: Daniil Ivanovich did not like children, but children's literature was the only source of income for the talented writer. In addition, Yuvachev approached his work thoroughly and tried to scrupulously work through absolutely every work, unlike his friend Vvedensky, who, according to some researchers, loved to hack and treated his duties extremely irresponsibly.

Kharms managed to gain popularity among little boys and girls, to whom mothers and fathers and grandparents read poems about cats who did not want to taste the onion and potato vinaigrette, about a pot-bellied samovar and about a cheerful old man who was passionately afraid of spiders.

Surprisingly, even the author of harmless works for children was persecuted by the authorities, who considered some of Yuvachev’s works unceremonious. Thus, the illustrated book “The Naughty Cork” did not pass censorship and was “under the curtain” for ten whole years, from 1951 to 1961. It got to the point that in December 1931, Kharms and his comrades were arrested for promoting anti-Soviet literature: Daniil Ivanovich and Vvedensky were sent to Kursk.

Personal life

It is not for nothing that in most of the illustrations Daniil Ivanovich is depicted with a tobacco pipe, since in life the gifted poet practically never let it out of his mouth and sometimes smoked right on the go. Contemporaries used to say that Yuvachev dressed strangely. Kharms did not go to fashion boutiques, but ordered clothes from a tailor.

Thus, the writer was the only one in the city who wore short pants, under which socks or leg warmers were visible. But his eccentric habits (for example, Kharms sometimes stood at the window in the clothes his mother gave birth to) did not prevent others from seeing his kindness. Also, the poet never raised his voice and was a correct and polite person.

“Apparently, for the children there was something very interesting in his appearance, and they ran after him. They really liked the way he dressed, the way he walked, the way he suddenly stopped. But they were also cruel - they threw stones at him. He did not pay any attention to their antics and was completely unperturbed. I walked and walked. And he didn’t react in any way to the looks of adults either,” recalled Marina Malich.

Concerning love relationship, then Daniil Ivanovich’s first chosen one was a certain Esther Rusakova. Kharms dedicated an unprecedented number of poems to his passion, but their love was not cloudless: according to rumors, Yuvachev walked to the left, and Rusakova burned with jealousy, as evidenced diary entries poet. In 1932, the couple filed an official divorce.

In the summer of 1934, Kharms proposed marriage to Marina Malich, and the girl agreed. The lovers lived hand in hand until Yuvachev’s arrest, which occurred in 1941.

Death

In August 1941, Daniil Ivanovich, again breaking the law, was arrested for spreading objectionable sentiments: the writer allegedly said that the USSR would lose the war (words that, according to researchers, were copied from a denunciation).

To avoid the death penalty, Kharms pretended to be mentally ill, so he was sentenced to psychiatric clinic, where he died on February 2, 1942. After 18 years, his sister managed to restore the good name of her brother, who was rehabilitated by the Prosecutor General's Office.

Bibliography

1928 – “First and second”
1928 - “About how Kolka Pankin flew to Brazil, and Petka Ershov did not believe anything”
1928 – “Ivan Ivanovich Samovar”
1929 – “About how the old lady bought ink”
1930 – “About how dad shot my ferret”
1937 – “Cats”
1937 – “Stories in Pictures”
1937 – “Plikh and Plyukh” (translation of the work of Wilhelm Busch)
1940 – “The Fox and the Hare”
1944 – “The Amazing Cat”

Biography

He studied at the privileged German school Petrischule. In 1924 he entered the Leningrad Pedagogical Institute, but was soon forced to leave it. In 1925 he took up writing. In his early youth, he imitated the tourist poetics of Khlebnikov and Kruchenykh. Then, in the second half of the 1920s, he abandoned the predominance of “zaumi” in versification.

Upon returning from exile, Kharms continues to communicate with like-minded people and writes a number of books for children to earn a living. After publication in 1937 in children's magazine Kharms’s poem “A man with a club and a bag came out of the house,” who “has since disappeared,” has not been published for some time, which puts him and his wife on the brink of starvation. At the same time, he writes many short stories, theatrical sketches and poems for adults, which were not published during his lifetime. During this period, the cycle of miniatures “Cases” and the story “The Old Woman” were created.

Addresses in Petrograd - Leningrad

1922-1924 - apartment of N.I. Kolyubakina - Detskoe Selo (now the city of Pushkin), Revolution Street (now Malaya), 27;
12.1925 - 08.23.1941 - Trofimov's house - Nadezhdinskaya street (since 1936 Mayakovsky street), 11, apt. 8.

Notes

Declamations

“Cases” by Daniil Kharms performed by Sergei Yursky and Zinovy Gerdt

Film adaptations

“The Kharms Case” by Slobodan Pesic (1987);
“Clowning” by Dmitry Frolov (1989) - a tragicomedy of the absurd, based on the works of Daniil Kharms;
“Staru-kha-rmsa” by Vadim Gems (1991) - a film adaptation of D. Kharms’ story “The Old Woman”;
“Concert for a Rat” by Oleg Kovalov (1996)
“Falling into Heaven” by Natalia Mitroshina (2007)
“Plyuh and Plykh” by Ekran studio Nathan Lerner (1984), based on the book by Walter Busch in the Translation by Daniil Kharms

Literature

100th anniversary of Daniil Kharms: Conference materials. St. Petersburg, 2005.
Glotser V. Marina Durnovo. My husband Daniil Kharms. M.: IMA-Press, 2001.
Jacquard J.-F. Daniil Kharms and the end of the Russian avant-garde. St. Petersburg, 1995.
Kobrinsky A.A. About Kharms and more. St. Petersburg, 2007.
Kobrinsky A. A. Daniil Kharms. M.: Young Guard, 2008. - (“Life wonderful people"). 2nd ed. - 2009.
Kharmsizdat presents: Sat. materials. St. Petersburg, 1995.
Tokarev D. Course for the worst: absurdity as a category of text in Daniil Kharms and Samuel Beckett. M.: New Literary Association, 2002. - 336 p.

Music

The poem “Very, very tasty pie” in the musical interpretation of the “Other Creative” community.

Wikimedia Foundation.

2010.

See what "Kharms" is in other dictionaries: Daniil (real name Yuvachev Daniil Ivanovich; 1905, St. Petersburg - 1942, Leningrad), Russian writer. D. Kharms Son of the writer I. P. Yuvachev. In 1922 or a little earlier he began his poetic career. Together with L. S. Lipavsky, Ya. S. Druskin, A ...

Literary encyclopedia See: OBERIUT Lexicon of Nonclassics. Artistically aesthetic culture XX century.. V.V.Bychkov. 2003 ...

- (Encyclopedia of Cultural Studies real name Yuvachev) Daniil Ivanovich (1905 42), Russian writer. Participant literary group

Unification of real art (OBERIU, 1927 1930). In poetry, plays (Comedy of the City of St. Petersburg, 1927, published posthumously; Elizaveta Vam ... Russian History Kharms D.I. - KHARMS (real name Yuvachev) Daniil Ivanovich (190542), Russian. writer. Participant lit. group Association of Real Lawsuits (OBERIU, 192730). In poetry, plays (Comedy of the City of St. Petersburg, 1927, publ. see; Elizaveta Bam, post. 1928), rep...

Biographical Dictionary Daniil Kharms Birth name: Daniil Ivanovich Yuvachev Date of birth: December 17 (30), 1905 Place of birth: Saint Petersburg