• Three independent inertial navigation systems (INS), each of which has a separate gyro-stabilized platform and a digital computer. The INS can store a route of 10 points in memory, automatically switch between waypoints as they pass, calculate the course to intercept LZP, determine and display wind speed and direction, drift angle, and many other navigational parameters. The INS is controlled by two control panels with digital indication.
• Two independent autopilots with a large number of modes.
• Two automatic thrusters working in conjunction with autopilots.
• Two VOR/ILS receivers
• One ADF receiver
• Two sets of DMEs
• Weather radar with two displays
• Two VHF radios
• SELCAL system
• Two ATC transponders
• Various control equipment, including pointer and linear analog devices.

Passenger cabin

• 108 passengers in single class first class configuration
• 124 passengers in single class standard class configuration
• 144 passengers in single-class tourist class configuration

Aerodynamic issues

• Maximum lift-to-drag ratio at cruising speed for fuel economy and range.
• Sufficiently high takeoff and landing characteristics to ensure safe operation from conventional commercial airfields. The aircraft must be able to perform standard landing patterns, in particular the glide path angle determined by the equipment installed at the aerodrome.
• To ensure the comfort of passengers, the floor of the passenger compartment must be horizontal (or as close to horizontal as possible) when the aircraft is on the ground.

Propulsion system

Aerodynamic heating of the structure

Structural strength

Chassis and brakes

Operation history

promotional tours

Sale of Concordes to airlines

• In 1973, the oil crisis broke out, caused primarily by the Yom Kippur War between Israel and the Arab countries. As a result of this crisis, world prices for aviation fuel increased several times, which called into question the commercial attractiveness of supersonic flights, since Concorde spent much more fuel per passenger than modern subsonic airliners.
• In the early 1970s, especially after the introduction of aircraft such as the Boeing 747, it became clear that long-distance air travel was no longer the prerogative of businessmen and the elite, and that the share of the middle class in the total passenger flow was constantly growing. This made it more relevant for airlines to cut ticket prices, rather than the reduction in flight times that is so attractive to businessmen.
• The protracted development of the Concorde, a very high coefficient of novelty, led to the fact that the joint Anglo-French program went far beyond the budget, the total cost was almost a billion pounds. The price of airliners, respectively, also constantly grew. In addition, it turned out that airlines underestimated the scale of expenses required to maintain the fleet of supersonic aircraft and keep it in airworthy condition.

• The price of the aircraft was only 1 pound sterling for the British, and 1 franc for the French.
• The airlines were obliged to put the acquired aircraft into commercial operation.
• Airlines had the right to sell their planes, but at the same symbolic price.

Passenger Transportation

• London - New York of British Airways, at different times the line was served by up to 4 aircraft that made daily flights.
• London - Barbados by British Airways, flights once a week during the season.
• Paris - New York by Air France, five times a week.

Concorde disaster in Paris on July 25, 2000

Decommissioning

"Concords" today

Recovery

Specifications

• Crew: 3 people (commander, pilot, flight engineer)
• Passenger capacity:Length: 56.24 (58.83) m
  • in the current layout: 92 (Air France) or 100 (British Airways)
  • maximum permitted: 128
• Wingspan: 25.57 m
• Height: 12.19 (11.58) m
• Wing area: 358.6 m?
• Wing aspect ratio: 1,85
• Leading edge sweep angle: 60° to 80°
• Empty weight: 78 700 kg
• Maximum takeoff weight: 187,700 kg
• Payload mass: 12,000 kg
• Fuel weight: 95 680 kg
• Engines: four? TRDF Rolls-Royce / SNECMA "Olympus" 593
  • Thrust, maximum: 140 kN
  • Afterburner thrust: 169 kN
  • Fuel consumption: 25 t/h (at maximum payload)

Flight characteristics

• Max speed: 2330 km/h (2.2 M)
• Cruising speed: 2150 km/h (2.02 M)
• Practical range: 6470 km (with a load of 8845 kg at M = 2.05 at an altitude of 16,000 m)
• ferry range: 7250 km
• practical ceiling: 18 300 m
• rate of climb: 25.41 m/s
• thrust-weight ratio: 0,373
• Aerodynamic quality:Maximum bow temperature: 127°C
  • at low speed: 3.94
  • at M = 0.94: 11.47
  • at M = 2.04: 7.14

The section is very easy to use. In the proposed field, just enter the desired word, and we will give you a list of its meanings. I would like to note that our site provides data from various sources - encyclopedic, explanatory, word-building dictionaries. Here you can also get acquainted with examples of the use of the word you entered.

The meaning of the word concord

concord in the crossword dictionary

Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998

concord

supersonic passenger (up to 150 seats) aircraft manufactured by BAC (Great Britain) and Aerospatiale (France). First flight in 1969. 20 aircraft produced. Takeoff weight 175 tons, speed 2200-2500 km/h.

Concord (disambiguation)

Word concord comes from the name of the ancient Roman goddess Concordia, the goddess of harmony and mutual understanding:

Concord (New Hampshire)

Concord- a city in the northeastern United States, the administrative center of the state of New Hampshire and Merrimack County. Population - 42.7 thousand people (2010).

Concord (Massachusetts)

Concord- an American city in Massachusetts, on the river of the same name, 32 km northwest of Boston. Population - 17 thousand 668 inhabitants (2010).

Concord (music)

Concord in the system of old-fashioned harmony. The term was proposed by Yu. N. Kholopov and developed for the first time in the studies of his student S. N. Lebedev. The term "concord" indicates only the number of sounds of different pitches in a sound combination (more than 2). Therefore, he does not duplicate the well-known term "consonance", which is equally applicable to intervals and polyphonies.

Concord (Arkansas)

Concord- a city located in Cliburn County (Arkansas, USA) with a population of 255 people according to 2008 census statistics.

Concord (California)

Concord- the largest city in Contra Costa County, California, USA, and the 46th largest in all of California according to the 2010 census. The total population is 122,067 inhabitants.

Founded in 1869 as a community of Todos Santos Salvio Pacheco. The city is located 50 km northeast of San Francisco. For the past forty years, Concord has been primarily a bedroom community for the cities of San Francisco and Oakland, but recently, thanks to Chevron and Bank of America, the number of jobs in the city has increased.

Born in California Concorde:

• Tom Hanks is a famous actor.
• Mark Hamill is a famous actor.
• Dave Brubeck is an American jazz composer, arranger and pianist.

Concord (vocal ensemble)

Vocal Ensemble "Concorde"- Ukrainian vocal sextet, founded in 2006. The group's repertoire includes processing of Ukrainian folk and pop songs, ancient music (Ukrainian motets of the 17th-18th centuries), sacred music, jazz compositions, foreign pop hits. Most of the repertoire is performed unaccompanied, a capella. "Concord" is a cocktail in which classical, jazz, pop, folk, reggae and other musical styles are mixed in original proportions and seasoned with sharp rhythm and improvisation.

The team took part in music festivals in Ukraine and abroad:

• 16th international festival "Bach-fest" (Sumy, 2011),
• A Capella Vocal Music Festival "4th International A CAPELLA Contest" (Leipzig, 2010)
• Ethnofestival "Tripil'ske Kolo" (2010)
• 11th festival of classical and chamber music "Polesskaya Rhapsody" (Shostka, 2010)
• Ethnofestival "Svirzh 2009" (Lviv region, Svirzh, 2009)
• "Christmas in a Volyn family" (Lutsk, 2009).

The ensemble has also participated in various media projects and TV shows:

• "From a boy to a lady" (2011)
• "Ukraine has talent" (2010)
• "Classic on Fridays"
• I. Sirenko's author's project "Musical journalism in M. Bulgakov's house".

In 2007, collaborating with the Department of Ancient Music of the National Music Academy of Ukraine named after. P.I. Tchaikovsky, the ensemble "Concorde" participated in the reconstruction of manuscripts of the 17th-18th centuries and for the first time performed several partes motets from the Kyiv musical collection.

Concord (river)

Concord- a tributary of the Merrimack River in eastern Massachusetts in the United States. This is one of the most famous small rivers in American history, it was the site of an important battle of the American Revolutionary War, and the river is also written about in the book of the 19th century writer Henry David Thoreau.

Concord (North Carolina)

Concord is a city in North Carolina, United States. As of the 2010 census, the population is 79,066. Concord is the county seat and largest city of Cabarrus County. In terms of population, Concord is the second largest city in the Charlotte metropolitan area and the twelfth largest city in North Carolina.

Examples of the use of the word concord in the literature.

I have a request for you: call Dr. Ash Davis and Mrs. Davis and, perhaps, Miss Sophie Concord and let me treat you all to lunch at a diner I spotted nearby.

Ctaadn and Wahusett, Cape Cod, to Canada, the forests of Maine, along the rivers Concord and Merrimack, and finally over Walden Pond and its environs.

Three years later, he and three other businessmen financed the construction of shopping malls on the outskirts of Concorde, the state capital, where he now sat as plenipotentiary for the third constituency.

He settled on the banks of Walden Pond, half a mile from Concorde, in a self-built log cabin and lived in the forest for two years, organizing something like subsistence farming.

See you at Concorde he said over Angela's shoulder as he left the stable.

Returning to America, he settled in Concorde and devoted himself to lecturing and writing.

They made a few stops for lunch - at Epson, Concorde and Warner.

He, you see, in the spring on trotting trials on Concorde set a record, and the day before yesterday in the third race.

In the mid-1950s, the British firm Bristol (in 1960 became part of the BAC corporation) and the French Sud Aviation (SNCASE) began independent research on the creation of a supersonic passenger aircraft. These works, carried out in France under the project

The Super Caravel showed that the cost of developing such an aircraft, large enough to carry an economically viable payload by air, was beyond the financial means of any single Western aviation firm.

On October 26, 1962, the French and British governments signed a financial and economic agreement on the joint creation of the Concorde supersonic passenger aircraft.

The day before, an agreement was signed between the British company BAC and the French SNCASE, from which it followed that the British take on two-thirds of the work on propulsion systems, and the French about sixty percent of all work on the airframe and its systems. At the same time, the firms assumed obligations to organize and coordinate the work of dozens of French and British firms that will take part in the program.

The first experimental aircraft "Concorde" 001, built in France, made its first flight on March 2, 1969, giving way to the Soviet Tu-144 aircraft, which first flew on December 31, 1968. The British Concorde 002 took off in Bristol on April 9. The Concorde's maiden flight was an achievement in itself, as its American rival, the Boeing 2707-300, was left in the mock-up stage despite huge financial outlays.
Following these two prototypes, two pre-production Concordes and two for static and fatigue tests were built.

Then, on December 6, 1973, the first production aircraft took off from the French factory in Toulouse. He and the next three Concordes flew in arctic and tropical conditions to evaluate their flight and operational performance. One of them made a flight across the North Atlantic and back
in one day on September 1, 1975

For the Concorde, a "tailless" aerodynamic configuration with a low-lying triangular ogive wing was chosen. The aircraft is optimized for long-term cruising at supersonic speeds. The main structural material was
aluminum alloy RR58. In addition, steel, titanium, nickel alloys were used in the design of the aircraft. One of the main features of the Concorde was a delta wing with a sweep angle continuously changing in span: from a very large one at the root (75-85 °) to medium values ​​\u200b\u200bin the terminal part (50-65 °), which was called "ogival".

To test such a wing in real flight conditions, it was decided, in addition to testing in wind tunnels, to build an analogue aircraft. The single-seat experimental aircraft BAC-221 from British Aircraft became such a flying model. It had a narrower range of studied speeds than the Concorde - from landing to 1700 km / h, but
tests started in May 1964 dragged on. The use of the "animal" wing reduced the shift in the aerodynamic focus when overcoming the "sound barrier", but to maintain the equilibrium state of the aircraft at that moment, the fuel was pumped into special centering tanks.

The most interesting results in the process of creating the Concorde were obtained during the fatigue-thermal tests of its airframe, carried out in Toulouse in France and Farnborough in England. According to flight tests, it was known that the toe of the Concorde wing could heat up to 135 ° C with a temperature difference of up to 145 ° C per cycle of 15 minutes. In this case, the overload could vary from +2.5 to -1.0. In Toulouse, these tests were started in 1972 in a heat chamber with 35,000 quartz heaters with a total power of 30,000 kW. Controlled heating reproduced the flight thermal loading conditions. At the same time, the airframe of the aircraft was loaded mechanically by means of power exciters through a lever suspension system. These tests and improvements allowed the firms to designate a technical life for the airframe of 45,000 flight hours, which meant 12 to 15 years of operational life for the aircraft.

An important feature of the Concorde was the use of the main electrical system
aircraft control. Rigid mechanical connection remained in reserve. This decision was a novelty for civil aviation aircraft.
To improve the reliability of the systems, Concorde had three hydraulic systems: two main and one emergency. These systems ensured the operation of power steering surfaces, landing gear extension and retraction, control of the front wheels when maneuvering on the ground, moving the front of the fuselage up or down, fuel pumps of the aircraft balancing system and regulation of the input and output devices of the engines.

Since flying at supersonic speeds required an increased fuel consumption compared to subsonic aircraft, 119,786 liters of fuel were placed in the wing and fuselage of the Concorde aircraft in 17 tanks. Just like the Tu-144 glider, the Concorde glider was assembled from milled panels.

The Concorde glider, although it has a flight resource of 45,000 hours (15,000 more than that of the Tu-144), is designed for small overloads (+2.5 - 1) and this imposes serious restrictions on the ability to maneuver during descent and landing . In general, in terms of technical characteristics, the Concorde is almost as good as the Tu-144, which weighed 10,000 kg more. Another problem - poor visibility from the cockpit during takeoff and landing modes was solved by deflecting the nose of the fuselage down by 12.5 °.
12.

The Concorde pressurized cabin occupies about 85% of the total fuselage volume. There are two passenger compartments in the cockpit, front and rear, the rear compartment is slightly longer than the front one. The maximum width of the cabins is about 260 cm, which roughly corresponded to the width of the cabins of the most popular passenger liners, modern Concorde, such as the Boeing 707.

The arrangement of passenger seats according to the 2 + 2 scheme, with one central aisle. The maximum number of passengers that the Concorde was certified to carry was 128, but in reality this cabin configuration was never used. The manufactured Concords had one-class layout cabins for 108 people, subsequently the cabins were modernized several times by airlines. At the time of decommissioning, British Airways Concordes had a two-class cabin layout with 100 seats, while Air France Concordes had a two-class cabin layout with 92 seats.

In front of the pressurized cabin, directly behind the cockpit and equipment compartments, there is a vestibule of the main entrance; a compartment with a small wardrobe and a toilet separates it from the front cabin. Between the salons there is a vestibule of the second entrance, as well as two more toilets located on the sides of the cabin.

The rear part of the cabin is occupied by a compartment with a kitchen unit, which also serves as an emergency exit vestibule. Since the middle exit led to the wing of the aircraft, the front exit was used for boarding and disembarking passengers.

To prepare for scheduled commercial flights, 5 and 6 production aircraft were transferred to British Airways and Air France.
On January 21, 1976, these two Concorde aircraft began to operate regular passenger flights Paris - Rio de Janeiro and London - Bahrain.
Despite protests from pollution fighters on both sides of the Atlantic, on May 24, 1976, both airlines began flying to Dulles International Airport in Washington, USA. But the future of Concord remained uncertain.

The calculations of scientists have shown that only one year of operation of 500 supersonic aircraft of the Concorde type in the region of the ozone layer heights (20-25 km) will lead to irreversible processes,

fraught with the death of the planet's biosphere. Among the operational shortcomings of this type of aircraft, one should also include the limitation of flights at supersonic speeds: a powerful acoustic shock that occurs during supersonic flight is considered unacceptable for populated areas.

The Olimp 593-1 turbofans had a higher noise level than even the NK-144s installed on the Tu-144. This circumstance led to the fact that a number of countries, and primarily the United States and Japan, banned the flights of Concorde aircraft over their territory. And if initially 16 airlines ordered 74 Concordes, then in March 1973 they canceled their orders. This was also caused by the high cost of aircraft and their operation.
In just 9 years, 16 (18) Concorde aircraft were built. Of these, initially 5 aircraft were in operation with the British company British Airways and 4 aircraft with the French Air France, then another 7 were delivered.

However, on October 17, 1977, the US Supreme Court lifted the New York Airport authorities' ban on Concorde flights, thus resolving many of the problems. Commercial flights between New York and London began in late 1977, from January 1978 they became daily. In December 1977, British Airways and Singapore Airlines operated the Concorde on the London-Singapore route. There were also flights to Caracas, Rio de Janeiro and Dakar.
19.

During the first years, the cost of operating the Concorde was borne mainly by the governments of France and Great Britain. This was done for the reason that the unprofitability of aircraft was quickly revealed due to high fuel costs (and an energy crisis erupted in the 1970s) and maintenance, as well as due to the high cost of tickets. As a result, the aircraft load factor dropped to 0.4, and the airlines were eventually forced to stop flying to South America, Africa and Asia.

Most of the routes began to run in the United States.

A whole series of modifications followed. Engines have been improved, which has reduced noise levels and increased their efficiency.
To reduce the impact of nitrogen oxides, which destroy the ozone layer of the atmosphere, the Concorde's operating altitude ranges were reduced and the requirements for exhaust gas purity were increased, which was achieved by reducing the compression ratio of engine compressors. The aerodynamics of the aircraft was improved, the passenger cabin was improved.

And in the early 1980s, the operation of Concorde began to make a profit.

In 1983, the airline Air France, it amounted to 3.1 million dollars, in the next - already 6.3 million. Growth in profits was observed in subsequent years. Thus, the British airline British Airways, starting from 1983, began to receive an average of 12-15 million dollars annually. Ten years after the start of operation, Air France and British Airways summed up some "anniversary" results. They were quite impressive. For example, Air France aircraft carried 620,000 passengers in ten years, covered a distance of almost 70 million km and flew 45,000 hours. British Airways carried over 800,000 passengers in a decade.

The aircraft is currently out of service due to a crash on July 25, 2000. On April 10, 2003, British Airways and Air France announced their decision to cease commercial operation of their fleet of Conchords. The last flights took place on 24 October. The last flight of the Concorde took place on November 26, 2003, the G-BOAF (the last aircraft built) took off from Heathrow, flew over the Bay of Biscay, made a pass over Bristol, and landed at Filton Airport.

Flight performance:

Specifications:
Crew - 3 people (commander, pilot, flight engineer)

Passenger capacity:
in the current layout - 92 (Air France) or 100 (British Airways)
maximum allowed - 128

Length - 56.24 (58.83) m
Wingspan - 25.57 m
Height - 12.19 (11.58) m
Wing area - 358.6 m²
Wing aspect ratio - 1.85
Sweep angle along the leading edge - from 60° to 80°

Empty weight - 78,700 kg
Maximum takeoff weight - 187 700 kg
Payload weight - 12,000 kg
Fuel mass - 95 680 kg
Engines - 4 × Rolls-Royce / SNECMA "Olimpus" 593 turbofan engines
Thrust maximum - 140 kN
Afterburner thrust - 169 kN
Fuel consumption - 25 t / h (at maximum payload)

Flight characteristics:
Maximum speed - 2,330 km / h (2.2 M)
Cruising speed - 2,150 km / h (2.02 M)
Practical range - 6,470 km (with a load of 8,845 kg at M = 2.05 at an altitude of 16,000 m)
Ferry range - 7,250 km
Practical ceiling - 18 300 m
Rate of climb - 25.41 m / s
Thrust-weight ratio - 0.373
Aerodynamic quality:
at low speed - 3.94
at M = 0.94 - 11.47
at M = 2.04 - 7.14
Maximum bow temperature - 127 °C

On July 25, 2000, the Concorde passenger supersonic transatlantic liner, designed jointly by France and Great Britain, crashed.

For 20 years of operation of the Concord liners (from 1976 to 1996), 3.7 million passengers were transported with a flight time of 200 thousand hours. Queen of Great Britain Elizabeth II, Queen Mother Elizabeth, musicians Paul McCartney and Mick Jagger, actors, sportsmen, politicians flew Conchords. In operation, the liners were considered reliable machines.

The Concorde's first and only crash occurred on July 25, 2000, shortly after takeoff from Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport. The commission investigating the causes of the Concorde disaster concluded that the cause of the tragedy was a part of the American Douglas DC-10 Airbus that had taken off from the same runway in front of the Concorde. Experts found that a sharp piece of metal, found during a thorough inspection of the runway, pierced the tire of a French aircraft, which led to its explosion and engine fire.

During the takeoff of the liner, kerosene flowing from a punctured tank flared up from the afterburner jet of the engine. As a result, the engine closest to the fire site overheated and failed. The crew commander of the liner tried to disperse the plane on three engines and land it on the runway of the nearest Le Bourget airport, but the second engine on the damaged wing failed.

The plane, engulfed in flames, lost speed, slowly rolled over over the right wing and crashed into the restaurant of the small hotel "Hotelissimo", located on the outskirts of Paris, Gonesse. A black mushroom-shaped cloud of smoke shot up to a height of three hundred meters.

At the last moment, the pilots still managed to turn away from Goness's houses, but they could no longer reach the deserted field. 113 people died: all who were on board - 100 passengers and nine crew members, as well as four hotel guests. Another 12 people on the ground were injured.

The fire was extinguished only after an hour and a half. Almost nothing remains of the plane. The restaurant, on which the Concorde fell, also burned out completely. The relatively small number of victims on earth was explained by the fact that at the time of the disaster there were few visitors to the restaurant.

After this incident, the operation of the liners was suspended to study the causes of the accident and technical modernization.

In 2001, the modernized Concorde resumed flights, but the 2000 disaster significantly reduced the profitability of flights. Airlines have failed to regain their former confidence in the liner, which was previously considered the most reliable in the world.

In addition, among the operational disadvantages of aircraft of this type is a high level of noise and fuel consumption. When flying at supersonic speeds, a powerful acoustic shock occurs at the moment the aircraft overcomes the speed of sound, which is considered unacceptable for populated areas.

Due to the increase in the cost of maintenance and the decrease in passenger traffic in 2003, the operation of the aircraft was discontinued.

The material was prepared on the basis of information from open sources