Writing acquires a special power of influence on human minds thanks to certain linguistic means. The use of stylistic devices makes artistic text especially expressive, emotional, leaves the reader with an indelible impression of reading literature.
What is hyperbole in Russian?
A stylistic device, the name of which is borrowed from the ancient Greek language and is translated as “exaggeration,” is present in classical and modern works along with metaphor, epithet, metonymy, synecdoche, etc. What is hyperbole in literature? This is a deliberate exaggeration of the properties of phenomena and objects. Language device used in Russian colloquial speech for emotional enhancement, when there is more than just the transfer of dry information, a personal assessment of what is happening is emphasized.
The figure of speech was the authors' favorite means of expression folk tales, epic. The stylistic device was widely used by writers whose works became classics of literature. Visual enhancements contain humorous and satirical stories, poetic creativity. Exaggeration is used wherever it is necessary to highlight one or another fact of reality.
Why is exaggeration used in literature?
Hyperbole catches attention, has a stimulating effect on the imagination, makes you look at the facts of reality in a new way, feel their significance, special role. Exaggeration overcomes the limits set by verisimilitude and endows a person, object or natural phenomenon with supernatural characteristics. expressive means emphasizes the conventionality of the world created by the writer. What is hyperbole in literature? The technique indicates the author’s attitude towards the depicted - sublime, idealistic or, conversely, mocking.
How is artistic exaggeration realized?
To clearly understand what hyperboles are in literature, you need to know the methods of implementing amplification inherent in the text of a work of art. Expressiveness is achieved by the writer through the use of lexical hyperboles, including the words “completely”, “completely”, “all”. The metaphorical device is based on a figurative comparison. Phraseological hyperboles in literature are set expressions. Quantitative amplification includes a number designation.
Lexical hyperboles
Expressiveness is created in literature through the use of certain words:
completely bad, completely incomprehensible handwriting, no good, everyone knows.
Metaphorical hyperboles
The following phrases contain figurative transfer: the whole world is a theater, a forest of hands, a boundless ocean of love, promise mountains of gold.
Phraseological hyperboles
Set expressions are the following exaggerations:
the goat understands, I’ll beat you like a baby, the contract is cheaper than the paper it’s written on.
Quantitative hyperbolas
Numerical exaggerations contain the following expressions:
a thousand things to do for the evening, I warned you a million times, a mountain of folders with papers.
Poetic examples of hyperbole in Russian
The expressiveness of a poetic work is achieved by exaggerating the meaning of sentences:
But I love - for what, I don’t know myself -
Its steppes are coldly silent,
Her boundless forests sway,
The floods of its rivers are like seas (M.Yu. Lermontov)
The sunset glowed with one hundred and forty suns... (V.V. Mayakovsky)
Midnight whirlwind - the hero is flying!
Darkness from his brow, dust whistling from him!
Lightning from the eyes runs ahead,
The oak trees lie in a row behind (G.R. Derzhavin).
Goy, Rus', my dear,
The huts are in the robes of the image...
No end in sight -
Only blue sucks eyes (S. Yesenin).
Literary exaggeration in prose
The stylistic device has found application in classical works literature:
Meanwhile, before the eyes of those traveling, a wide, endless plain, intercepted by a chain of hills, spread out. (A.P. Chekhov “Steppe”)
A rare bird will fly to the middle of the Dnieper. (N.V. Gogol “Evenings on a farm near Dikanka”)
Unheard of activity suddenly began to boil in all parts of the city... (M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin “The History of a City”)
Video: Definition of hyperbole
Russian literature is replete with a variety of speech patterns. In order to make speech more vivid and expressive, people often use figurative language and stylistic devices: comparison, inversion and others. Everyone in his life, while reading this or that literature, has probably encountered such a concept as hyperbole, without even knowing the meaning of this term.
In contact with
Use in literature
Hyperboles in literature All writers, without exception, love to use it. They do this in order to decorate their works, making them more emotional, bright, and full.
And this is not at all surprising, because without this stylistic figure and others like it, any work would be empty, boring and absolutely uninteresting. It is unlikely that such works would capture the reader’s attention, exciting his imagination, evoking in him numerous vivid emotions.
Hyperbole, in turn, helps to achieve such necessary effects. So what is a hyperbole in ? This artistic medium Images, based on an excessive exaggeration of reality.
Advice! Another definition of hyperbole is exaggeration to the point of implausibility, so it is very important to remember and keep in mind that it does not need to be taken literally!
What is hyperbole used for?
They free the reader from the confines of reality and attribute supernatural characteristics natural phenomena and people. Hyperbole in literature plays an important role, since it makes our speech more lively and allows us to feel the emotional and state of mind narrator or author of the text.
This allows them to clearly and correctly convey the verbal atmosphere of the story. The function of hyperbole as a technique is - add brightness, emotionality and persuasiveness to the text. It is also often used by humor writers to create comic images for characters in their works, allowing the reader’s imagination to revive them in his imagination. .
How to find a hyperbole in a text?
Completing the task “find hyperbolas in the text” is quite simple, since among all the others speech patterns they stand out because they contain obvious exaggerations. Examples of usage: “this girl had eyes the size of saucers in surprise” or “this dog was the size of an elephant.”
All these phrases are apparent exaggeration of reality, because you won’t meet a girl with such big eyes or a dog the size of an elephant, because such simply do not exist and cannot exist in nature. These are the most simple examples the use of the stylistic device in question in the Russian literary language.
Attention! To find hyperbole in a text, it is enough to pay attention to an obvious significant exaggeration.
What is hyperbole in Russian?
Linguistics names any excessive exaggeration of properties, qualities, phenomena or actions to form a spectacular and attention-grabbing image created with a hyperbole .
It is used not only in literary language.
In ordinary colloquial speech, she is also a frequent guest. The difference between the first option and the second is that in his speech a person uses already existing statements, and the writer strives to create his own, exclusive statement in order to highlight own work from many others.
Examples
Examples of hyperbole from literary and colloquial speech:
- "rivers of blood";
- “You’re always late”;
- "mountains of corpses";
- “haven’t seen each other for a hundred years”;
- "scare to death";
- “I told you a hundred times”;
- “a million apologies”;
- “a sea of ripened wheat”;
- “I’ve been waiting forever”;
- “I stood there all day”;
- “at least get wet”;
- “a house a thousand kilometers away”;
- "always late."
Examples in fiction
We can say that everything classical works rely on the transfer of the author’s emotions to the reader, who moves him into a situation created by himself. Hyperbole in literature and classical works was very actively used by many famous authors.
In the Russian language there are a number of words that, despite the same spelling and pronunciation, carry completely different meanings. This assertion boldly applies to the mathematical-linguistic concept of “hyperbole,” which is present in such unrelated areas as mathematics and literature. Let's take a closer look at it.
What is hyperbole in literature?
The term “hyperbole” is translated from Greek as “exaggeration”. Modern definition The concept states that hyperbole is a stylistic device of figurative expression, which is based on the exaggeration of any phenomenon, action or object.
- This stylistic figure has become widespread in works of art in order to enhance the impressions of the description, including folk poetry, ditties.
- The object of exaggeration can be phenomena, events, objects, force, feelings.
- An effective form can both idealize the object and carry a derogatory message.
- Hyperbole is a figurative expression, so you should not take literally the meaning of the phrase in which it is found.
Hyperbole should not be confused with another allegorical term - metaphor. Characteristic feature the first is always exaggeration.
Example
“His feet were huge, like skis.”
A quick assessment of the phrase may seem to suggest that we're talking about about a metaphor, but it is not so. After assessing the actual dimensions of the skis, it becomes clear that there is a hyperbole.
What is a hyperbole in mathematics?
The mathematical term “hyperbola” characterizes a set of points on a plane, absolute value the difference in distances from which to the foci is a constant value. These points form a curve related to the number of canonical sections. The concept of “hyperbole” was first introduced by a mathematician Ancient Greece Apollonius of Perga in the 200s BC.
Moving to the Cartesian coordinate system, we take an arbitrary point on the curve - t. L(x,y) and define the foci of the hyperbola through t. A 1 (-c,0), etc. A 2 (c,0). Then the definition of a hyperbola can be represented as the expression ∣ |A 1 L| – |A 2 L|∣ = 2a , where a is the real semiaxis of the hyperbola. In this case, condition 2a is mandatory< 2c.
- Translating the notation of this expression into coordinate form and getting rid of irrationality, we get √ (x + c )² + y ² −√ (x − c )² + y ² = ± 2 a ⇒ k the anonical expression of a figure such as a hyperbola represents the equation x 2 / a 2 – y 2 / b 2 = 1, where the lines a and b are the lengths of the real and imaginary semi-axes.
- If a = b, you have an equilateral hyperbola.
- A characteristic feature of a hyperbola is the presence of two identical (symmetrical) curves.
- The tangents to which the hyperbola rushes but never reaches them are called asymptotes.
- The optical property of a hyperbola is that a ray released from one focus continues its movement as if it had come from another focus.
I suggest that the rest of the readers significantly supplement their school knowledge about parabola and hyperbola. Hyperbola and parabola - are they simple? ...Can't wait =)
Hyperbola and its canonical equation
The general structure of the presentation of the material will resemble the previous paragraph. Let's start with general concept hyperbolas and problems for its construction.
The canonical equation of a hyperbola has the form , where are positive real numbers. Please note that unlike ellipse, the condition is not imposed here, that is, the value “a” can be less than value"bae".
I must say, quite unexpectedly... the equation of the “school” hyperbola does not even closely resemble the canonical notation. But this mystery will still have to wait for us, but for now let’s scratch our heads and remember what characteristic features does the curve in question have? Let's spread it on the screen of our imagination graph of a function ….
A hyperbola has two symmetrical branches.
Not bad progress! Any hyperbole has these properties, and now we will look with genuine admiration at the neckline of this line:
Example 4
Construct the hyperbola given by the equation
Solution: at the first step we give given equation to canonical form. Please remember the standard procedure. On the right you need to get “one”, so we divide both sides of the original equation by 20: 
Here you can reduce both fractions, but it is more optimal to do each of them three-story:
And only after that carry out the reduction:
Select the squares in the denominators:
Why is it better to carry out transformations this way? After all, the fractions on the left side can be immediately reduced and obtained. The fact is that in the example under consideration we were a little lucky: the number 20 is divisible by both 4 and 5. In general case This number doesn't work. Consider, for example, the equation . Here with divisibility everything is sadder and without three-story fractions no longer possible: 
So, let's use the fruit of our labors - the canonical equation:
How to construct a hyperbola?
There are two approaches to constructing a hyperbola - geometric and algebraic.
From a practical point of view, drawing with a compass... I would even say utopian, so it is much more profitable to once again use simple calculations to help.
It is advisable to adhere to the following algorithm, first the finished drawing, then the comments:
In practice, a combination of turning on arbitrary angle and parallel translation of a hyperbola. This situation discussed in class Reducing the 2nd order line equation to canonical form.
Parabola and its canonical equation
It's finished! She's the one. Ready to reveal many secrets. The canonical equation of a parabola has the form , where is a real number. It is easy to notice that in its standard position the parabola “lies on its side” and its vertex is at the origin. In this case, the function specifies the upper branch of this line, and the function – the lower branch. It is obvious that the parabola is symmetrical about the axis. Actually, why bother:
Example 6
Construct a parabola
Solution: the vertex is known, let’s find additional points. The equation 
determines the upper arc of the parabola, the equation determines the lower arc.
In order to shorten the recording of the calculations, we will carry out the calculations “with one brush”: 
For compact recording, the results could be summarized in a table.
Before performing an elementary point-by-point drawing, let’s formulate a strict
definition of parabola:
A parabola is the set of all points in the plane that are equidistant from a given point and a given line that does not pass through the point.
The point is called focus parabolas, straight line - headmistress (spelled with one "es") parabolas. The constant "pe" of the canonical equation is called focal parameter, which is equal to the distance from the focus to the directrix. In this case . In this case, the focus has coordinates , and the directrix is given by the equation .
In our example: 
The definition of a parabola is even simpler to understand than the definitions of an ellipse and a hyperbola. For any point on a parabola, the length of the segment (the distance from the focus to the point) is equal to the length of the perpendicular (the distance from the point to the directrix):
Congratulations! Many of you have made a real discovery today. It turns out that a hyperbola and a parabola are not graphs of “ordinary” functions at all, but have a pronounced geometric origin.
Obviously, with an increase in the focal parameter, the branches of the graph will “raise” up and down, approaching infinitely close to the axis. As the “pe” value decreases, they will begin to compress and stretch along the axis
The eccentricity of any parabola is equal to unity:
Rotation and parallel translation of a parabola
The parabola is one of the most common lines in mathematics, and you will have to build it really often. Therefore, please pay special attention to the final paragraph of the lesson, where I will discuss typical options for the location of this curve.
! Note : as in the cases with previous curves, it is more correct to talk about rotation and parallel translation of coordinate axes, but the author will limit himself to a simplified version of the presentation so that the reader has an understanding elementary representations about these transformations.
HYPERBOLA
HYPERBOLA
(Greek, hyperbole, from hyperballein - to throw further than the target). 1) in geometry: two curved lines obtained when a cone intersects a plane parallel to the axis of the cone. 2) in rhetoric: expressing thoughts in a highly exaggerated form for greater impression, for example. a sea of tears.
Dictionary foreign words, included in the Russian language. - Chudinov A.N., 1910 .
HYPERBOLA
1) exaggeration that goes beyond the limits of the probable and possible; 2) in mathematics: a curved line resulting from the intersection of a cone with a plane parallel to its axis.
Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. - Pavlenkov F., 1907 .
HYPERBOLA
Greek hyperbole, from hyperballein, to throw further than a target. a) Exaggeration. b) Curved line obtained from the section of the cone.
Explanation of 25,000 foreign words that have come into use in the Russian language, with the meaning of their roots. - Mikhelson A.D., 1865 .
HYPERBOLA
exaggeration; also a curve formed by the intersection of a cone with a plane parallel to its axis.
A complete dictionary of foreign words that have come into use in the Russian language. - Popov M., 1907 .
Hyperbola
1) (gr. hyperbole) a stylistic figure consisting of figurative exaggeration, eg: they swept a stack above the clouds or the wine flowed like a river (wings).
2) ((gr. hyperballo I'm going through sth.) mat. an open curve of two unlimitedly extending branches, one of conic sections; is obtained in the section of a right circular cone by a plane parallel to its two generatrices; can be defined as the locus of points on a plane whose distance difference from two specific points, called foci, is constant.
New dictionary foreign words.- by EdwART,, 2009 .
Hyperbola
hyperbole, g.
[Greek hyperbole]. 1. Curve from the number of conic sections (math.). A hyperbola is obtained by cutting the right gyre of a cone with a plane. 2. Figure of exaggeration (lit.). Gogol's style is replete with hyperbole. || Any excessive, exaggerated statement about something. (book). Well, this is a hyperbole: in reality, everything happened simpler., 2007 .
Hyperbola Large dictionary of foreign words. - Publishing House "IDDK" s, ( and. Greek 2.
mat. hyperballō going through sth.).
1.
hyperbole (excess, excess).
A stylistic figure consisting of figurative exaggeration. Hyperbolic
- characterized by hyperbole, characteristic of hyperbole. hyperbolize
|
- exaggerate.
||
Examples of hyperbole in artistic and everyday speech: “The sunset burned with one hundred and forty suns” (Mayakovsky); “They told you a thousand times!” Wed.
litotes. s, ( and. s,
A stylistic figure consisting of figurative exaggeration. An open curve of two unlimitedly extending branches, one of the sections of a right circular cone by a plane parallel to its two generators.
||
Examples of hyperbole in artistic and everyday speech: “The sunset burned with one hundred and forty suns” (Mayakovsky); “They told you a thousand times!”- related to hyperbole.
parabola Dictionary, 1998 .
foreign words by L. P. Krysin. - M: Russian language:
Synonyms:
Antonyms
See what "HYPERBOLE" is in other dictionaries: - (Greek υπερβολη) a stylistic figure of obvious and deliberate exaggeration, aimed at enhancing expressiveness, for example. "I've said this a thousand times." Hyperbole is often combined with other stylistic devices, giving them the appropriate... ...
Hyperbola- HYPERBOLE (Greek ‘υπερβολη exaggeration) stylistic figure (see), consisting of a clearly exaggerated expression of thought. Hyperbole can consist primarily of quantitative exaggeration (for example, “a thousand times”, “an eternity”, “priceless”, ... ... Dictionary of literary terms
Cm … Synonym dictionary
1. HYPERBOLE, s; and. [from Greek hyperbolē exaggeration] Stylistic device excessive exaggeration of any properties of the depicted object, phenomenon, etc., in order to enhance the impression. / About excessive exaggeration. Tell the story without hyperbole... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
HYPERBOLE, hyperbole, female. (Greek hyperbole). 1. Curve from the number of conic sections (mat.). A hyperbola is obtained by cutting the right gyre of a cone with a plane. 2. Figure of exaggeration (lit.). Gogol's style is replete with hyperbole. || Anything... ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
- (Greek hyperbole) a flat curve (2nd order) consisting of two infinite branches. A hyperbola is a set of points M, the difference in distances from two given points (F1, F2) of the hyperbola's foci is constant and equal to the length of the real axis A1A2, the other ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
- (foreign language) exaggeration. Hyperbolic, pertaining to hyperbole. Wed. From every corner, it seems to you, it smells like blood, it smells like death and crime: and this is not hyperbole, this is a fact, repeatedly attested... ... Michelson's Large Explanatory and Phraseological Dictionary (original spelling)
- (hyperbola) A function that can be expressed as a ratio of two linear functions. Hyperbole in rectangular system coordinates has the form y=(α+βx)/(γ+δx). This function is continuous, except for the case where x =–γ/δ; when she acts like... Economic dictionary
hyperbola- y, w. hyperbole f. , lat. hiperbole 1. lit. A technique of exaggeration to enhance impression. Sl. 18. A feeling that, without any hyperbole, can be called admiration. 1791. Karamzin PRP 5 31. The soul admired, but the feelings in him were silent, one language... ... Historical Dictionary Gallicisms of the Russian language
- (from the Greek hyperbole exaggeration), poetic device: a type of trope based on exaggeration (rivers of blood). Compare Litotus... Modern encyclopedia
