Reading vowel sounds in English. Single vowel sounds

Let's divide the combinations of consonants into groups.

№	Group	Combinations	Sounds	Examples
1	Regular	ck	[k]	clock - watch, stick - stick, luck - luck
		qu		queen - queen, quick - quick, question [‘kwest∫(ə)n] - question
		(d)g		bridge - bridge, edge - edge, lodge - house
2	Hissing	sh	[∫]	ship [∫ıp] - ship, smash - blow, show [∫əʊ] - display, astonish [ə’stɒnı∫] - surprise
		ch, tch		chat - chat, fetch - effort, such - such
3	Interdental	th	[Ө]	thank [Өæŋk] - gratitude, thin [Өın] - thin, bath - bath, myth - myth, three [Өri:] - three
		th	[ð]	mother [‘mʌðə] - mother, bathe - swim, clothes - clothes, this [ðıs] - this, the [ðə] - article, than [ðæn] - than
4	Greek	ph	[f]	photo [‘fəʊtəʊ] - photograph, telephone [‘telı,fəʊn] - telephone, triumph [‘traıəmf] - triumph
5	Nasals	-ng	[ŋ]	sing - sing, coming [‘kʌmıŋ] - arrival, wing - wing
		nk, n+[k]	[ŋk]	think [Өıŋk] - to think, donkey [‘dɒŋkı] - donkey, uncle [ʌŋkl] - uncle
6	Mute	kn-	[n]	knight - knight, know - know, knee - knee
		wr	[r]	write - write, wrist - wrist, wrong - wrong
		wh	[w]	when - when, why - why, whirl - whirlpool, whale - whale

Ordinary sounds.

The letter combination “ck” replaces the letter “k” according to rule of three letters If a word has one vowel, then the letter combination “ck” is written, but if there are two vowels, then the letter “k” is written. The sound will be the same in both cases. Compare: lock - lock and look - look.

In the combination “qu”, the vowel “u” produces the consonant sound [w]. The combination "qu" is similar to the croaking of a frog.

The letter combination “dg” + silent “e” replaces the letter “g” + silent “e” at the end of a word according to the four-letter rule. If there is a consonant before “g”, then “g” + silent “e” is written, if not, then “dg” + silent “e” is written. The sound will be the same in both cases. Compare: pledge - pledge, plunge - immersion.

Hissing sounds.

Since the English alphabet does not have special letters for hissing sounds, as in Russian: “ch” and “sh”, these hissing sounds are formed by a combination of letters. The sound consists of two letters, but is pronounced together, like the Russian “ch”. It is necessary to remember about the pairs unvoiced - voiced: [∫ - ʒ], as in the Russian alphabet: “sh” - “zh”, “ch” - “j”.

At the end of words, the letter combination “tch” is written instead of “ch” according to the four-letter rule: if there is a consonant sound before it, then “ch” is written, if not, then “tch”. For example: inch [ınt∫] - inch, itch [ıt∫] - thirst. Exceptions: much - very, rich - rich, such - such.

Interdental sounds- deaf and voiced. Voiceless is used in semantic words: nouns, adjectives, verbs, numerals. Therefore, to read the combination “th” you need to know the translation of the word or part of speech. ringing sound used in pronouns and function words ah: prepositions, conjunctions, in definite article. Between vowels, the interdental sound is always voiced. For example: mother [‘mʌðə] – mother. Exceptions are borrowed from the Greek word, for example: author [ɔ:Өə] - author, method [‘meӨəd] - method.

Greek By origin, the letter combination “ph” [f] is often found in international words that are similar in different languages. For example, similar Russian words: telephone [‘telıfəʊn] – telephone, phone – sound, call on the phone, physics [‘fızıks] – physics.

Nasal[ŋ] at the end of a word most often occurs in the ending –ing [ıŋ], although there are other cases. It must be remembered that the letter “g” is not pronounced. This letter is pronounced only in the middle of a word, for example: English [‘ıŋglı∫] – English. The sound combination [ŋk] is formed not only by combining the letters “nk”, but also whenever the letter “n” is followed by the sound [k], for example: anxious [‘æŋk∫əs] – preoccupied.

Mute the consonants are not pronounced and therefore do not require additional explanation. For the letter combination “wh” the rule changes when the letter “o” follows. In this case, the silent letters change places in this letter combination. For example: whole - whole, who - who, whose - whose.

In conclusion, we note that the letter “h” is the most combinable letter in the English alphabet. So, if you come across this letter in a word, see if it appears in some letter combination.

There are 26 letters in the English alphabet, which represent 24 consonants, 12 vowels and 8 diphthongs.
Reading vowels depends on which syllable the vowels are in. IN English language It is customary to distinguish 4 types of syllables:

1. An open syllable ends with a vowel. In English, a syllable followed by a consonant + an unpronounceable final “e” is conventionally considered an open syllable.
The vowels in this syllable are pronounced the same way as they are called in the alphabet.

2. A closed syllable ends with a consonant. In this type of syllable, vowels convey short sounds.

3. The third type of syllable is a syllable in which a vowel is followed by the letter "r" (at the end of the syllable) or "r" + consonant. In this syllable, all vowels convey long sounds.

4. The fourth type of syllable is a syllable in which the vowel is followed by the combination "r" + vowel. In this syllable, all vowels convey long and complex sounds.

Reading vowels in four syllable types

Table of basic rules for reading vowels and consonants

English letters	Transmitted sound	In which cases	Examples	Exceptions
A,a		in an open syllable	place, take, make, same, state	have [æ], many [e]
		in combinations ay, ai	pay, way, play, day, main	said [e]
	[æ]	in a closed syllable	that, lamp
		before r + consonant s + consonant	park, garden, fast, task	mass [æ]
	[εə]	before r + vowel	various, care	are
	[כּ]	after w,qu in a closed syllable	was
	[כּ:]	after w,qu in a closed syllable before r	war, quarter
		before l + consonant	call, wall, also, fall, ball
		in combination with u	autumn
		before w	law, saw
E,e		in an open syllable	be, Pete
		in combinations ee, ea	steel, stree, see, sea, mean
		in an open syllable	belt, set	English[i]
		in combinations ea +d	already, head, bread
	[ə:]	in combinations er, ear + consonant	heard, term, her
		in combinations ee+r, ea+r	hear, appear
		before w	knew, newspaper, few
		before w with preceding r	grew, drew
I, i		in an open syllable	five, pine	give, live [i]
		before ld, nd, gh	kind, mild, light
	[i]	in a closed syllable	did
		combined ie followed by a consonant	field	friend[e]
	[ə]	before r or r + consonant	sir, first
	["aiə]	before r + vowel	fire, tired
O, o		in an open syllable	note, go	done, come [٨]
		before the combination ld	old, cold
		in combinations oa, ow	road, low
	[ə]	in combinations or after w	word, world
	[כּ]	in a closed syllable	stop, not
	[כּ:]	before r	port, short
		in combinations oo	food, too	book, look [u]
		in combinations ou, ow	compound, town, down
	[כּi]	in combinations oi, oy	oil, enjoy
	["auə]	in combinations ow before er	power
		in combinations oo+r	poor	door, floor [כּ:]
U, u		in an open syllable	tube, produce, music
	[٨]	in a closed syllable	cut, cup, bus	put, push, pull, full [u]
		in an open syllable after l, r, j	lunar, rule, June
	[ə:]	before r + consonant	burn, turn
		before r + vowel	pure, cure
Y, y		in an open syllable	type, try
	[i]	in closed syllables and at the end of polysyllabic words	symbol, family
	[j]	at the beginning of a word and before a vowel	yet, year, beyond
C,c	[s]	before i, e, y	capacity, practice, cell, bicycle
	[k]	before all other vowels and consonants	come, exact, direction
		in combinations ch, tch	charge, watch	chemistry [k] technique [k] machine [∫]
	[∫]	before combinations ial, ient	special, efficient
S, s	[s]	at the beginning of words, in the middle of words with voiceless consonants and at the end of words after voiceless consonants	send, salt, say, system, facts, books
	[z]	after vowels, between vowels, after voiced consonants	as, position, days, supplies, beds
	[∫]	in combinations sh, ssion, ssure	shop, transmission, pressure
	[h]	before ure	measure, treasure
T,t	[ð]	in combination th 1) at the beginning of function words 2) between vowels	the, then, mother
T,t	[θ]	in combination th at the beginning and end of significant words	thick, thin, seventh
P,p	[f]	in pH combinations	philosophy, photo
G, g		before i, e, y	age, engineer, gymnastics	give [g], get [g]
	[g]	before consonants, before vowels, except i, e, y at the end of words	great, go, big, dog
	[ŋ]	combined ng	bring, wrong, strong

"Mute" (unpronounceable) consonants

"Mute Letter"	In what letter combinations	Examples
b g n g k l w	bt gn whe, whi igh kn might alk who wr	doubt design, sign when, while height, weight, fight knowledge, knife should, could, would walk whos, whole write, wrong

Notes:
1. The letter u conveys the same sounds as the letter i, but is rarely found in the middle of a word.
2. The above rules apply only to stressed syllables. In an unstressed position, vowels are reduced to the sounds [ə] and [i].
For example: arrive [ə"raiv], return, illumination, difficult ["difikəlt].

In English classes, students groan: “Why are the rules of reading in English so confusing?”

One reason is that English . Sometimes they kept their spelling, sometimes they changed it to suit themselves. In good old England, words were often spelled the way they were read, so one word could be spelled in many different ways. Take Shakespeare's manuscripts, for example - all this chaos is there in full view.

Eventually, the spelling of words was standardized and recorded in dictionaries, but... As you learn English, you will notice that a word is often read completely differently from how it is spelled. And usually there are historical reasons for this.

There is some good news. Although many English words are written, it would seem, “as God wishes,” there are a number of rules. But be careful, because for every rule there is an exception.

English has more than 1,100 ways of writing 44 individual sounds, more than any other language. But let studying be a game for you, not a duty.

Learn with our tips!

Write down words that you have problems with in a notebook. Underline the part of the word that is most difficult for you.
Use a dictionary, not a spell checker! Unfortunately, you can't always trust her.
Learn words with all kinds of prefixes and suffixes, for example: biography - auto biography, child hood and so on.
Learn the rules, but don't rely on them. We have already said: every rule has its exception. We'll talk about this below.

“i” is written before “e” (exception is after “c”)

One of the first reading rules taught in English classes. The rule works for words that have a long “ee”, as in shield(shield).

Examples: piece (part), niece (niece), priest (priest), thief (thief).

But after “c”: conceive (comprehend, plan), receive (receive), receipt (receipt; not to be confused with recipe).

For words in which the sound “a” or “i” is pronounced, the opposite is true:

“a”: eight (eight), neighbor (neighbor), reign (reign), weight (weight)

“i”: either, height, feisty, sleight

Exceptions: seize (grab), weird (strange), conscience (conscience, consciousness), efficient (effective), etc.

silent letters

The English language is full of unpronounceable letters. The question arises: why do the English insert letters into words and then simply not pronounce them?..

The silent witness, or What is the unpronounceable letter

Unpronounceable letter ( silent letter) is a letter that should appear in a word, even if we don’t read it. More than half of the letters of the alphabet can act as unpronounceable letters. They can be at the beginning of a word, at the end or in the middle - you won’t even realize from the sound of the word that they are there.

Examples of unpronounceable letters:
a— thread(a thread), bread(bread), thread(step)
b — lamb(lamb), bomb(bomb), womb(womb)
c— scissors(scissors), science(the science), scent(aroma)
d— edge(edge), bridge(bridge), badge(icon)
e - see below
h - honor(honor), honest(honest), school(school)
k — knot(node), knight(knight), knowledge(knowledge)
l — talk(speak), psalm(psalm), balm(balm)
n — hymn(hymn), autumn(autumn), column(column, column)
p— pneumatic(pneumatic), psalm(psalm), psychology(psychology)
s— isle, island(island), aisle(passage, e.g. in an airplane cabin)
t— listen(listen), rustle(rustle) whistle(whistle)
u — biscuit(cookies; not biscuits!), guess(a guess), guitar(guitar)
w— write(write), wrong(wrong), wrist(wrist)

Unpronounceable “e”

The unpronounceable “e” is the most common unpronounceable letter. There are several strict rules for writing words that end in an unpronounceable “e”.

When you add a suffix to such a word and that suffix begins with a consonant, the stem of the word does not need to be changed.

force (strength) + ful = forceful (strong)

manage (manage) + ment = management (management)

sincere (sincere) + ly = sincerely (sincerely)

If the suffix begins with a vowel or with “y”, then the “e” before the suffix must be omitted.

fame + ous = famous

nerve + ous = nervous

believable (plausible) + y = believable (plausible)

criticise (criticize) + ism = criticism (criticism)

Exceptions: mileage (distance in miles), agreeable.

Prefixes and suffixes

When you add a prefix to a word, you usually don't need to change the base of the word.

anti + septic = antiseptic (antiseptic)

auto + biography = autobiography (autobiography)

de + mobilize = demobilize (demobilize)

dis + approve = disapprove (disapprove)

im + possible = impossible (impossible)

inter + national = international (international)

mega + byte = megabyte (megabyte)

mis + fortune = misfortune (failure)

micro + chip = microchip (microchip)

re + used = reused (recycled)

un + available = unavailable

When you add a suffix to a word, it often changes the base of the word. Below are a few rules. As always, there are exceptions, so if you're not sure how to spell a word, consult a dictionary.

Words ending in a consonant

If the suffix starts with a consonant, just add it to the stem, don't change anything.

Example: treat (treat; treat) + ment = treatment (treatment; attitude).

Consonant doubling

For most words with a short vowel sound that end in a single consonant, that consonant doubles when you add a suffix that starts with a vowel (ing, er, ed, est).

mop (to wash) + ing = mopping (to wash)

big (large) + est = biggest (largest)

hot (hot) + er = hotter (hotter)

For words that end with an “l” after a vowel, this “l” is doubled.

model + ing = modeling

travel (to travel) + er = traveler (traveler)

Exceptions

For some words ending in “r”, “x”, “w”, “y”, the doubling rule does not apply.

fear (to be afraid) + ing = fearing (fear, afraid, fearful)

box (to box, not box!) + er = boxer (boxer)

know (know) + ing = knowing (knowledge, knowing, knowing)

play (play) + ing = playing (game, playing, playing)

And if a word has two consonants at the end or more than one vowel, the consonant is also not doubled.

maintain (maintain) + ing (two vowels a + i) = maintaining (maintenance)

keep (keep) + er (two vowels e + e) = keeper (keeper; owner)

hang (hang) + er (two consonants n + g) = hanger (hook)

Word endings

Words ending in “ce” and “ge”

When you add a suffix starting with “a” or “o,” the “e” remains.

manage (perform) + able = manageable (doable)

notice (notice) + able = noticeable (noticeable)

courage (courage) + ous = courageous (courageous)

Exception: prestige (prestige) + ous = prestigious (prestigious)

Words ending with “ie”

When you add “ing” to verbs that end in “ie,” the “e” is dropped and the “i” changes to “y.”

die (die) - dying (dying, dying, dying)

lie (lie) – lying (lying, lying, lying)

tie (to tie) - tying (tying, tying, tying)

Words ending in “y” after a consonant

When you add suffixes such as “as”, “ed”, “es”, “er”, “eth”, “ly”, “ness”, “ful” and “ous” to a word ending in “y” ” after the consonant, “y” changes to “i” before the suffix.

eighty (eighty) + eth = eightieth (eightieth)

duty (duty) + es = duties (responsibilities)

lazy (lazy) + ness = laziness (laziness)

mystery (mystery) + ous = mysterious (mysterious)

beauty (beauty) + ful = beautiful (beautiful)

multiply (multiply) + ed = multiplied (multiplied)

cozy (cozy) + ly = cozy (cozy)

Words ending in “y” after a vowel

“y” is preserved before suffixes such as “er,” “ing,” or “ed.”

destroy (destroy) - destroying - destroyed

buy (buy) - buying - buyer

play (play) - playing - player

You may be confused by some of the discrepancies in spelling and reading rules that are caused by . It's not that this option is better and that option is worse, you just need to stop at one, learn it and stick with it. Try not to mix one with the other.

The rules of reading and writing are like a weather forecast: we can rely on them, but we cannot count on them to help us out every time. Therefore, it is very important to read more in English so that the sound of words and their style merge into a single image.

The following method is perfect for this purpose: listening English books with parallel viewing of the original text.

10 English classic books narrated by native English speakers

Mother Goose by W. W. Denslow - “Mother Goose”, W.W. Denslow

The Tale of Peter Rabbit by Beatrix Potter - “The Tale of Peter Rabbit”, Beatrix Potter

Alice's Adventures in Wonderland Audiobook by Lewis Carrol - “Alice in Wonderland”, Lewis Carroll

The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain - “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer”, Mark Twain

A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens - “A Tale of Two Cities”, Charles Dickens

Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen - “Pride and Prejudice”, Jane Austen

Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus by Mary Shelley - “Frankenstein, or Modern Prometheus”, Mary Shelley

The Happy Prince and Other Tales by Oscar Wilde - “The Happy Prince and Other Tales”, Oscar Wilde

The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle - “The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes”, Arthur Conan Doyle

It happens that native speakers of English ask for forgiveness from those who study it... Because the pronunciation English words and their spellings are so different. So be it, we will accept their apology. After all, anyone who is determined to learn English can handle any difficulties!

And they surprise you English rules reading? Share with us in the comments :)

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Vowel sounds in English are classified as monophthong, diphthong or triphthong.. These are sounds that consist of 1, 2, 3 parts. Vowel sounds are also divided into short and long sounding. They are designated like this: [i:], [ɔ:].

They are also divided into articulatory. Thus, vowel sounds are front-lingual, middle-lingual, back-lingual, closed, open, half-open. Accordingly, their names speak directly about the position of the lips and tongue during pronunciation.

For example, front-lingual- sounds are formed through the front of the tongue, etc.

Transcription icons and their pronunciation

Pronunciation of all vowels

It is possible to understand on following examples:

[i:] - the sound is similar to our “i” in the word “hurry”, etc. Pronounced confidently and for a long time.

[i] - the sound is similar to our “and” in the word “at”. It is pronounced briefly, not drawn out.

[еi] - the sound is similar to our “e” in the word “tin”. It takes a long time to pronounce.

[æ] - a sound similar to the previous one. It is also pronounced for a long time, but with the mouth wide open.

[a:] - the sound is similar to our “a” in the word “beam” in the first case.

[ɔ] - the sound is similar to our “o” in the word “complicated”. Pronounced briefly.

[ɔ:] - the sound is similar to our “o” in the word “school”. Pronounced for a long time with the mouth wide open.

[u] - the sound is similar to our “u” in the word “ear”. Pronounced briefly.

[u:] - a sound similar to the previous one. In the word "rooster" you can see exactly how it is pronounced.

[Λ] - the sound is similar to our “o” and “a” in the words “yours”, “gardens”. Always appears in words with emphasis.

[ə] - the sound is similar to our “ё” and “o” together in the word “iod”.

[iə] - the sound is similar to our “i” and “e”, sounding together.

[ai] - the sound is similar to our “ai”.

[aiə] - the sound is similar to our “ai”, pronounced for a long time.

Consonants in English

Subdivided:

for bows and shels;
on labial, dental;
anterior lingual, middle lingual, posterior lingual.

Consonants are also voiced and voiceless.

The last voiceless consonants are characterized by powerful articulation; a significant decrease in articulation is characteristic of sonorous consonants.

The consonant sounds of the English language are pronounced more actively than the corresponding sounds of the Russian language. Most of them are pronounced with aspiration (the process of aspiration).

Basic types of vowel readings

All vowels are read as they are usually read in the alphabet. Examples: stake, state, cake.
All vowels are read briefly. You can read about short sounds above. Examples: tree, me, be.
All vowels take a long time to read. You can read about long sounds above. Examples: my, style, why.
All vowels can be doubled in pronunciation. Examples: tune, Tuesday, music.

Basic rules of reading in English

Reading vowels

The most sounds can be found in six vowels. The main rules are associated with them English reading. So, depending on the location, combination with other letters and stress, the reading of vowels in a particular word depends.

Let's look at the rules for reading vowels in combination with other letters, stress and placement.

The vowel “A” is divided into sounds:

[еi] - words pan, flat. The sound is read here through our letter “e”;
[æ] - the word take. Our sound “e” is read here in a short form.
[a:] is the word far. Our sound “a” is read here in a short form.

The vowel “E” is divided into sounds:

[i] - words meat. The sound “and” is read briefly.
[e] - the word met. Read as a short "e".
[ə] - the word very. Reads like a long "e".
[iə] - words here, near. The long “i” and “a” are read together

Vowel I is divided into sounds:

[ai], [i], [ə] in the corresponding words mine, in, stir, fire

The vowel O is divided into sounds:

, [O], , [ə], in the corresponding words refuse, but, fur, lure.

The vowel Y is divided into sounds:

, [i], [ə:], in the corresponding words type, gym, myrtle, tire.

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Reading consonants in English

Features of reading some consonants

There are peculiarities in the reading of four consonants:

“с” (=k=ck) [k],
"qu"
"j"
"X" .

All these sounds have several reading options depending on location and combination with other letters.

The consonant “s” is read as our sound “k” and as our “s”. In ordinary cases, “s” should be read as “k”, but if they come after a consonant “e”, “i”, “u”, then “s” is read like the Russian “s” in the words “sit”.

For example, this is how the words ice, cinema, cycle are read.

The consonant “g” is usually read as our “ji” sound or as the “g” sound. It is usually customary to read the sound “g”, but if it comes after a consonant “e”, “i”, “u”, then “g” is read as “ji”.

For example, the words age, gigantic, refrigerator, inginear are read this way. Particular cases of pronunciation are remembered when learning the alphabet.

The consonant c of the doubled form “s” is read as our sound “ks” after “e”, “i”, “y”. But it should be remembered that the doubled form in consonants is not readable, only one letter is read.
The consonant “s” is read as our sound “s” and as the sound “z”, depending on the voicing. Vowels add sonority.

Apart from these consonants, others have no features.

All the other sixteen are read as written.

Consonant B reads like our “b”. Examples: big, better, bet, biten, brother.
The consonant D is read like our “d”. Examples: door, ded, dog, middle, red.
Consonant F reads like our “f”. Examples: foot, friend, folse.
The consonant G is read like our “g”. Examples: get, egg, giggle, google, gazer.
Consonant H reads like our “x”. Examples: him, help, hill, hot.
The consonant K is read like our “k”. Examples: kiss, desk, kitten, kitchen.
Consonant L reads like our “l”. Examples: live, leave, loosen, lost, little.
The consonant M is read like our “m.” Examples: milk, moon, simple, from.
Consonant N reads like our “n”. Examples: note, not, near, nonsense, on.
The consonant P is read like our “p”. Examples: put, plump, pop, stop.
Consonant R reads like our “r”. Examples: rest, roof, berry, bread, rock.
The consonant S is read like our “s”. Examples: sit, west, miss, stress, soul.
Consonant T read like our "t". Examples: ten, title, test, true, tree.
The consonant V is read like our “v”. Examples: very, seven, give, vivid.
Consonant W reads like our “v”. Examples: well, twelve, swim, winter.
The consonant Z is read like our “z”. Examples: zip, drizzle, fiz, zigzag, zoom.

Silent consonants

Basic Rules.

In the letters “g”, “k” you should not read “n” at the beginning and at the end of the word.

Examples: gnat, foreign, knee, knaif, campaign.

In the letters “b”, “n” should not be read after the “m” at the end of the word.

Examples: bomb, autumn, thumb, column.

The letter “p” should not be read in combinations “pn”, “ps”.

Examples: pneumatic, psychology.

The letter “w” should not be read before the “r”.

Examples: wrap, wrong.

In order to learn English, namely to be able to apply it in life, and in addition to achieve a speech that will be understandable to foreigners, you need to know how to pronounce this or that word.

To achieve this level of English you need to use:

Books and manuals for learning English. But not those that say “English in three days” or “English in a few months”, because, naturally, it is impossible to learn and be able to use a language in life in such a short period of time
Audio and video for learning English. By listening to English speech and music you can quickly achieve more desired result, even in a short time. In addition, pronunciation will improve and foreigners will treat the person as if they are speaking with a person from the same country.
Teacher or tutor. It is advisable that the person has studied abroad or been abroad for several years.
Foreigners. Experience in correct pronunciation and reading is acquired directly with practice.