What does Tolstoy achieve by compositional technique? "The contrast in the story of L.N.

Composition

1. Contrasting the images of the main characters
2. Color palette of the work.
3. Musical picture of the surrounding world.
4. Contrasting portrait of the colonel.

Our life's path is strewn with the wreckage of what we began to be and what we could have become.
A. Bergson

Our life is filled with accidents and unpredictable events. There are times when they cannot be immediately distinguished in the general flow of life. Therefore, in order not only to identify it for yourself, but also to show it to the whole world, it is necessary to describe these phenomena. To do this, you can use the technique of contrast. A picture compiled in this way allows not only the writer, but also us to understand the background of a particular situation. On the other hand, this approach to facts makes it possible to present them in a more objective light. In this case, two opposing characteristics of the same situation are given, leaving us the right to resolve this issue.

However, the selection various parts descriptions, the author of the work can tell us the path that he prefers. Let's consider our assumptions using the example of L.N. Tolstoy's story “After the Ball.” It presents an incident that radically changed life young man. At the same time, his decision influenced the fate of other people. A significant role Contrasting pictures played a role in this choice, further aggravating the current situation.

Already at the level of composition we are presented with two opposite poles: the ball and the punishment scene. The first amazes with its luxury and beauty, the second with its cruelty and senselessness. This contrast shows that there simply cannot be anything else in life. Can't find any middle option. However, only two heroes - Ivan Vasilyevich and the colonel - are destined to go through both plot spaces. They're like two of the same opposite worlds, since they represent a different approach to solving the same problem. The colonel believes that the Tatar deserves such a terrible punishment. So he runs him through the gauntlet. Ivan Vasilyevich, on the contrary, does not understand why such cruelty should be shown, especially since the one being punished begs the soldiers to “have mercy.” These heroes also differ because one acts (the colonel), while the other is inactive. But in this sense it is not entirely correct to talk about the contrast of images. With their help, the author shows different approaches to the same problem.

In the story, Tolstoy uses more expressive facts, which make up a contrasting picture of the narrative. It is created on different levels: color and sound.

One of them no longer concerns the main “opponents” of the approach to life: Ivan Vasilyevich and the colonel. The color scheme characterizes other characters: Varenka and the Tatar. The girl in her color halo appears as a beautiful and immaculate beauty. Varenka's image is described through white and pink shades. Moreover, the first color is intensified: it is repeated several times in one sentence. “She was wearing a white dress with a pink belt and white kid gloves that did not reach her thin, sharp elbows, and white satin shoes.” It seems that with the help of this shade the author wants to show the very soul and essence of the girl, but cannot reflect them in any way - they are so beautiful. The pink color only emphasizes Varenka’s tenderness and freshness.

To describe a Tatar using only one color range an image of the horror that is imprinted in the memory of Ivan Vasilyevich is created. To do this, the author also places all the characteristics of the contrast in one sentence, thereby enhancing the impression of what he saw, “...I caught a glimpse of the back of the person being punished between the rows. It was something so motley, wet, red, unnatural that I didn’t believe it was a human body.” At the sight of such a scene, Ivan Vasilyevich felt ashamed; he did not know where to escape from the impression of such a cruel punishment. Soon he found the strength to break away from this terrible sight and go home.

And at this moment another level of contrast arises - sound. Ivan Vasilyevich did not see anything, but the terrible sounds of such an inhumane incident remained with him. “All the way in my ears the drumbeat was beating and the flute was whistling, then I heard the words: “Brothers, have mercy,” then I heard the self-confident, angry voice of the colonel shouting: “Will you smear? Will you?”” And again the writer collects all the sound series in one sentence. They create a harsh tirade of sounds devoid of any euphony, moving from low tones(fraction) ds high, one might say, hysterical (flute). Moreover, even in one sentence the writer creates a consistent chain of different elements. First, music is heard, then the Tatar’s plea, which ends with the colonel’s menacing voice. This framing also shows us that any cries for help will not be heard. In contrast to this cruel picture are the beautiful sounds of the ball. They literally intoxicated the main character a couple of hours ago. “Even though I was a lover of champagne, I didn’t drink, because without wine I was drunk with love, but I danced until I dropped - I danced quadrilles, waltzes, and polkas, of course, as far as possible: all with Varenka.” And the hero continues to hear them the moment he leaves the ball: they are so sweet and delightful. “I was singing all the time in my soul and occasionally heard the motif of the mazurka,” despite the fact that this was the only dance to which Ivan Vasilyevich did not invite Varenka. At that moment he was looking at the girl from the side. Therefore, the melody sounding in his soul reminded him of beautiful image at the ball.

The most important achievement of the writer is that he manages to show a contrasting combination not only with the help of various elements. but also within the limits of one person - the colonel. At the ball, the military man is beautiful, despite some shortcomings in clothing, which are justified by his great attention to his daughter. “Varenka’s father was a very handsome, stately, tall and fresh old man. His face was very ruddy, with a white... curled mustache.” During punishment, it is as if a completely different person appears before us. The colonel “...sucked in air, puffing out his cheeks, and slowly released it through his protruding lip.” In such a contrasting comparison, we are shown not only the appearance, but also the behavior of a military man. He is changing before our eyes. And after such a picture, combined with other plots and events, Ivan Vasilyevich tries not to see Varenka anymore. “And the love just faded away. So this is what things happen and what changes and directs a person’s whole life.” A significant role in this decision was played by the contrasting picture created by Tolstoy in this work.

The feeling that we experienced also appears in contrast to us. main character. After the ball, he was in love and inspired by the feelings that arose for Varenka: “I was not only cheerful and contented, I was happy, blissful, I was kind, I was not me, but some unearthly creature who knows no evil and is capable of one thing.” good". However, after the punishment scene, Ivan Vasilyevich is depressed and humiliated. “Meanwhile, there was an almost physical melancholy in my heart, almost to the point of nausea, such that I stopped several times, and it seemed to me that I was about to vomit with all the horror that entered me from this sight.” Each of the events left an indelible mark on the soul of Ivan Vasilyevich. But the last impression so eclipsed everything that the main character had seen and felt before. It was this that influenced his further actions and decisions.

Consequently, the use of contrast allows not only to show the event from two sides, but also, to some extent, to have a significant impact on the actions of the main characters. It seems that the author does not interfere with the narrative, and everything gradually goes on as usual. But in reality, everything is completely different. The negative side of the contrast shows whose side the author is on and what position should be taken when considering a particular problem. Tolstoy skillfully used this technique to show in a short story how a person’s life can change not only from chance, but also from the perception of the contrast of the world in which he lives.

Other works on this work

Subject“Contrastive construction of a story as a way of expressing its ideas (based on Tolstoy’s work “After the Ball”)

Target: consider the features of the composition; get acquainted with the concept of contrast as an artistic device on which a story is based; build a skill research work with text, expressive reading, development of students’ communicative abilities

Equipment:

Illustrations of paintings by V. Kandinsky " Black hole", a musical fragment of F. Chopin's "Mazurka XX", the text of the story "After the Ball", a computer presentation, cards for assessing the emotional state, handouts.

During the classes

1.Org. moment.

2. “Immersion in the topic”

At the beginning of the lesson, I would like to ask you an unusual question: what influences a person’s state of mind?

Listen to the fragment piece of music, rate emotional condition, derived from music. (color cards)

What is the purpose of our experiment?

We live in a world full of sounds, colors, halftones, and they, in turn, affect our feelings and emotions. And it is no coincidence that many of you chose not the black and white option, but other colors: yellow, blue, red. There are times in a person's life when he experiences conflicting feelings. Today in the lesson we will look at a literary work in which the main character also has to experience different feelings and make his choice.) on the board JOY - SADness

In the last lesson we got acquainted with the life and work of the brilliant Russian writer L.N. Tolstoy. In his works he revealed all the best, bright sides human lives and the worst ones, those for which people are ashamed. We remembered the events of the 40s and 90s of the 19th century. L.N. Tolstoy addresses them in the story “After the Ball”

It is this short story, small in volume, but amazing in its depth of experience and emotionality, that we will begin to work on today in class.

3. Working on the topic of the lesson

Writing in a notebook – number, class work, lesson topic

Work on the topic of the lesson (find out... what the construction of a work is - composition, the idea of ​​a work... get acquainted with the concept of contrast, as an artistic device on which a story is built)

4. History of the creation of the story (implementation of homework)

Tell us what you know about the history of this story?

5. Revealing initial impressions of what you read.

At home you read the story “After the Ball”

What impression did the story make on you?

What parts can the story be divided into?

(introduction, ball, after the ball, conclusion) - diagram on the board or slide

Conclusion

After the ball

Introduction

Introduction to the story.

From whose perspective is the story narrated?

Why exactly does Ivan Vasilyevich talk about everything?

What other works use this technique? (“Asya” Turgenev, “ Captain's daughter"Pushkin, "Mtsyri" Lermontov)

What is this composition technique called? What meaning does he give to a work of art? (self-analysis and self-disclosure, the hero comments and evaluates his actions) writing on the board YOUTH - MATURITY

Let's return to the diagram. Ivan Vasilyevich’s story was divided into 2 parts.

Which of the two parts do you consider to be the main one, carrying the main content of the work? (That’s right, this is the second part, where the colonel and the soldiers submissive to him torture the Tatar)

6. Analysis of the first part of the story (as the lesson progresses, fill out the table, preparations for each at the beginning of the lesson)

What does Ivan Vasilyevich remember in his story? (we’ll check it using a quiz or a front-end survey)

Name the episode and the characters you saw in this scene?

Where and when was the ball held? (story about Maslenitsa, Forgiveness Sunday, Clean Monday– what do you know about these holidays?)

What kind of dance does the hero “go through” with Varenka? (waltz)

Which bright detail in Varenka’s clothes does the hero remember even 50 years later? (pink belt)

An excerpt from the text appears on the screen.

Insert in the gaps the epithets with which the narrator draws the hall, the provincial leader, his wife, Varenka, and Varenka’s father.

There was a ballwonderful : hallbeautiful , musiciansfamous , buffetfabulous .

Provincial leader -good-natured old man.

His wife toogood-natured.

Varenka - in whitedress , Vwhite gloves, inwhite shoes. She has -shining, flushed dimpled face andaffectionate, cute eyes.

Varenka's father -handsome, stately, tall, fresh , with whites mustache,white sideburns, withshiny eyes,joyful smile. (I post what colors I use on the board)

What detail that unites Varenka and her father is present in the description? (read from text)

What does the coincidence of details in the image of Varenka and her father indicate? (pay attention to such a detail as the colonel’s “suede glove”)

Using the supporting words that you see on the screen, compose a coherent answer to the question “What did the hero of the story feel at the ball and why?”

Ivan Vasilievich not onlyadmired , but also withwith rapturous emotion looked at Varenka,touching even my father's soft boots. There was a herosatisfied, happy, kind , becausein love, young, handsome, carefree . It seemed to him that everythingadmire Varenka. Ivan Vasilievich dancedeasily without feeling the body , as ifunearthly a creature capable of one thinggood. He admitted to his interlocutors thatLove to Varenkareleased all of ithidden capacity for love . Herohugged at that time the whole world was hislove . Ivan Vasilyevich was at the ballinfinitely happy.

At the ball the hero is in love, he is enchanted festive atmosphere, filled with a feeling of happiness, youth, beauty. And now the ball is over. Ivan Vasilyevich cannot sleep, he is on the street again.

7. Analysis of the second part of the story.

Find words in the text that help you understand that your mood suddenly changes. (read out)

At what point does this happen?

What does the hero hear now? (sounds of a flute and drum, another cruel, unpleasant, shrill melody, the whistling of sticks and their slaps on the soldier’s back)

What feelings did the hero experience when he saw the cruel punishment of the Tatar? (ashamed, painful, sad to the point of nausea) PLEASE PAY ATTENTION TO THE BOARD WHERE ANTITHESIS TAKEN IS ALSO TRACKED)

The story contrasts the main plot points - the ball scene and the execution.

In literary criticism, such a compositional technique is called CONTRAST. (Slide) Write down the term, remember the definition.

On the board: contrast - expressive artistic device, based on a sharp contrast of concepts, images, paintings, compositional elements at different levels of the ideological and artistic content of the work.

I think you've already noticed. That the entire story of Leo Tolstoy is built on contrast: we see what happens to the hero at the ball and after the ball.

But have we considered all the contrasts in the story? (not all: the feelings of Ivan Vasilyevich, the colonel and the Tatar)

What language means used in the text help to understand the hero’s state? (Repetitions, direct speech, indefinite pronouns).

What feelings did the hero experience when he saw the cruel punishment of the Tatar? (Shame, pain, sadness to the point of nausea").

How did Ivan Vasilyevich see the colonel in this scene? (Still the same: ruddy face, white mustache and sideburns).

And the person being punished Tatar? (fill out the table)

Colonel.

Punished.

–

Twitching with his whole body, splashing his feet on the melted snow... he moved towards me,

then tipping back - and then the non-commissioned officers, leading him by the guns,

They pushed him forward, then he fell forward - and then the non-commissioned officers... pulled him

back.

8. Lesson summary

- Why is contrast used here? (The episode of the ball and the events after the ball are contrasted with each other. The bright, joyful colors of the ball, the carefree fun of young people, unaware that there is another, scary world, sharply highlight the gloomy picture painted in part 2 of the story. A contrasting portrayal of the characters, their psychological state, and the environment in which they operate allows the writer to reveal the essence of their characters and reveal social contradictions Russian reality). (It allows us to reveal the essence of the characters’ characters and reveal the contradictions of Russian reality. The author emphasizes the contrast in the composition of the story, in the system of images, in linguistic means and in descriptions.)

What role does contrast play in art? What about in life? (at the beginning of the lesson we listened to music and looked at paintings)

Is it possible to understand good without knowing evil?

Let us turn to the words of Volond from M. Bulgakov’s work “The Master and Margarita”

“What would your good do if evil did not exist, and what would the earth look like if all shadows disappeared from it?”

Is there white without black, good without evil in life?

- Thus, having examined the two parts of the story, in the next lesson we will move on to a conversation about the main characters (the Colonel and Ivan Vasilyevich). Let's talk about ideological sense works.

9. Homework:write a miniature essay using key words on the topic “My impressions of the story”

Key words.

At first I decided that...; then, reading the story, I realized...; At first it seemed to me...; but suddenly it was discovered...; I, like Ivan Vasilyevich, felt sympathy for Colonel B, I was even touched by him, but, having taken a closer look at him with the help of the author, I sharply changed my attitude: I realized that...; the original feeling was replaced...; Ivan Vasilyevich, on the contrary, I was...; in it I finally discovered...

At the ball

After the ball

Ball (sounds, colors)

Varenka in white dress with pink belt, inwhite gloves, in white shoes

…V positive (dark brown) dress,white shoulders...

Quadrilles, waltzes, polkas...

Mazur motif...

Gently, smoothly...

A lot of black people in black uniforms (about soldiers)

Back...something motley, red

Hard, bad music

Colonel

A tall military man in an overcoat and cap.

He walked with a firm, imitative gait.

rosy face and a white mustache with sideburns.

A tall, stately figure moved with a firm step.

Punished

A man stripped to the waist, tied to the guns of two soldiers. Spin it

– something colorful, red, wet, unnatural.

then tipping back

A face wrinkled with suffering.

A stumbling, writhing man.

Ivan

Vasilevich

My happiness kept growing

Satisfied, happy, blissful, kind

Here we come last minutes today's lesson. studied the vital sources of the story “After the Ball”, analyzed the features of the genre and composition of the story, and became acquainted with the contrast of the work as an artistic device.

But we can already say that the significance of the story is enormous. Tolstoy, as we see, poses broad humanistic problems: why do some live a carefree life, while others eke out a miserable existence? What is justice, honor, dignity.

And these problems have worried and continue to worry more than one generation of Russian society. That is why Tolstoy remembered an incident that happened in his youth and based it on his story.

First part of the story

Second part of the story

Sounds, colors

Varenka in a white dress with a pink belt, white gloves, and white shoes

…in a short (dark brown) dress, white shoulders...

Quadrilles, waltzes, polkas...

Mazur motif...

Gently, smoothly...

Sounds, colors

A lot of black people, in black uniforms (about soldiers)

Back...something motley, red

The drums beat, the flute whistled

Hard, bad music

An unpleasant, shrill melody

Colonel

handsome, stately, tall, fresh, with a white mustache, white sideburns, sparkling eyes, a joyful smile

Colonel

A tall military man in an overcoat and cap.

He walked with a firm, imitative gait.

Ruddy face and white mustache with sideburns.

A tall, stately figure moved with a firm step.

Punished

A man stripped to the waist, tied to the guns of two soldiers. Spin it

– something colorful, red, wet, unnatural.

Twitching with my whole body, splashing my feet on the melted snow...

then tipping back

A face wrinkled with suffering.

A stumbling, writhing man.

Ivan Vasilievich

My happiness kept growing

Satisfied, happy, blissful, up

Ivan Vasilievich

I was ashamed, I lowered my eyes, there was an almost physical melancholy in my heart, almost to the point of nausea.

Story by L.N. Tolstoy’s “After the Ball” is a very small work in volume, but extremely deep in meaning. It is based on the technique of contrast, antithesis. The story is divided into two parts, which are sharply opposed to each other.

The first part of the work is a description of the ball. This part is filled with a feeling of light, love, joy, happiness. This is largely due to the fact that the narrator who narrates all the events is very much in love. Therefore, at that time he saw everything in the world in rainbow colors.

The ball took place in the house of the provincial leader, a good-natured and hospitable old man. “The ball was wonderful: a beautiful hall, with choirs, musicians - the famous serfs of the amateur landowner at that time, a magnificent buffet and a sea of ​​champagne poured out,” says Ivan Vasilyevich. But the hero-narrator was drunk not from champagne, but from love, because at the ball was his beloved Varenka B., an extraordinary beauty: “... tall, slender, graceful and majestic, truly majestic.” Varenka always held herself unusually straight, throwing her head back a little. This gave her a kind of regal appearance, “which would have scared away from her if not for the affectionate, always cheerful smile of both her mouth and the lovely, sparkling eyes, and all her sweet, young being.”
It was obvious that the girl was not indifferent to the narrator. The newlyweds spent the entire evening together: playing and dancing. At the end of the evening, Varenka gave Ivan Vasilyevich a feather from her fan. Delight is what the hero experienced throughout the entire ball.

Before dinner, Varenka went to dance with her father, Colonel B., a handsome military man who adores his daughter. Their dance delighted all the guests. They admired this beautiful couple, and at the end of the dance, the guests even applauded father and daughter B. It was clear how the colonel loves his daughter, how he strives to give her the best. The narrator noticed that Pyotr Vladislavich wears homemade boots of an old cut in order to be able to take his Varenka out into the world.

The atmosphere of this evening can be described in the words of Ivan Vasilyevich himself: “At that time I embraced the whole world with my love. I loved the hostess in the feronniere, with her Elizabethan bust, and her husband, and her guests, and her lackeys, and even the engineer Anisimov, who was sulking at me. At that time I felt a kind of enthusiastic and tender feeling towards her father, with his home boots and a gentle smile similar to hers.”

The second part of the story, which is of primary importance for revealing the ideological concept of the work, is directly opposite to the first. After a delightful night comes early morning, the first morning of Lent. The narrator walks around the city, the rhythm of the mazurka still sounds in his soul. But suddenly this music is interrupted by another: “hard, bad music.” Among the fog, the hero-narrator sees black people (in contrast to the smart people from the ballroom). They stood in two rows, and between them they led a man naked to the waist. Each of the soldiers had to hit this man as hard as possible. Ivan Vasilyevich found out that the punishment of a fugitive Tatar was happening before his eyes.

As bright and beautiful as the first part of the story is, the second is so terrible and disgusting. If the leitmotif of the first part can be considered the melody of a mazurka, then the entire second part is accompanied by an “unpleasant, shrill melody” of drum and flute. It seems to me that the contrast between the wonderful dance of Colonel B. and his daughter at the ball is the terrible scene of the punishment of the poor Tatar, where one of the main characters is also the colonel. Only now he is not resting next to his beloved Varenka, but is fulfilling his official duties.

The description of the colonel, in general, has not changed. We see the same ruddy face and gray sideburns. The intonations with which this hero was described have changed, the attitude of the narrator and readers towards this brave servant has changed.
The picture he saw struck Ivan Vasilyevich to the depths of his soul. The shock was so deep that the narrator decided never to serve anywhere, just so as not to commit such monstrous acts. The scene of the punishment of the fugitive Tatar becomes even more terrible if we consider that it took place on the first day of Lent. After the pagan Maslenitsa, described in the first part, comes the most important Christian fast, when a person must forget everything worldly and turn to his soul. But it is at this time that the narrator witnesses the greatest crime of man - a crime towards himself, towards his soul.

The leading artistic device in Tolstoy’s story “After the Ball” is the technique of contrast. This work contrasts two parts of the story: the ball scene and the punishment scene; The heroes and their actions are contrasted. In addition, the moods, emotions, and musical leitmotifs of the work are radically different.

Contrast as a basis

story compositions

History of the story

What was the source for creating the story? It is known that the story is based on a story that happened to the writer’s older brother, Sergei Nikolaevich.

The writer’s memory retained a lot and captured it in this story. Together with the writer, we are transported to the 40s of the 19th century, the time of the reign of Nicholas I . The noble-serf state was still strong at that time. Cane discipline was rampant in the troops, and soldiers for any offense were flogged or driven “through the ranks,” when the person being punished was dragged between the rows of soldiers to the beat of drums, and everyone was obliged to hit their naked bodies with whips. The person was often beaten to death.

L.N. Tolstoy

The writer was worried all his life about the lack of rights of the Russian soldier. But the story “After the Ball” goes far beyond a protest against the inhumane treatment of soldiers; it poses broad humanistic problems, such as duty, honor, conscience, and humanity.

Roll call of eras in the story

"After the ball"

40s of the 19th century, the time of Nicholas 1 (events depicted in the story)

1900s, time of Nicholas2

21 century

(the era in which

the reader lives)

History of the story

The story was first called “Daughter and Father,” then “And You Say,” and finally, “After the Ball.” WHY?

in the composition of the story

in system images

in language means

in the descriptions

Contrast

as a compositional device

The story has the following main parts:

after the ball

conclusion

introduction

at the ball

The story is thus enclosed in a “frame”. This compositional technique is called "a story within a story" because the work is written by the writer in such a way that we learn about all events from the narrator

• What is the contrast?
• in the composition of the story
• in the system of images
• in linguistic means
• in the descriptions

Observation over language means At the ball:

ball wonderful, hall beautiful, buffet fabulous

the hosts of the ball

good-natured old man, rich man - hospitable, his wife good-natured

Varenka

V white dress, in white gloves, in white shoes, she has radiant, flushed face and affectionate cute eyes

Colonel

Handsome, stately, tall, fresh, With white mustache , white sideburns, with shiny eyes

Ivan Vasilievich

Satisfied, happy, blissful, kind,

Execution:

Something big, black, hard, bad music

A lot of black people in black uniforms,

punishable

Naked to the waist, his back is something motley, wet, red, unnatural

Colonel

High military man, walking hard trembling gait

Ivan Vasilievich

Was ashamed , lowered his eyes, my heart was almost physical, almost nauseating, melancholy

COLONEL “A tall military man in an overcoat and cap.” “He walked with a firm, trembling gait.” “Ruddy face and white mustache and sideburns.” “A tall, stately figure moved with a firm step.” PUNISHED A man naked to the waist, his back “something unnaturally motley, wet, red.” “Jerking with his whole body, splashing his feet on the melted snow... then tipping back..., then falling forward”... “A face wrinkled with suffering.” “Stumbling, writhing man.” The contrast intensifies when the narrator sees how tall, stately colonel strong hand in a suede glove hits the face of a short, weak soldier.

Dancing (verbs) – colonel

Description of punishment (verbs)

He stomped, threw, passed, placed, connected, fell, kissed, let down

Pushed, fell, holding. Pulled; turned; grinning, he repeated; did not speak, but sobbed; waved and slapped

Colonel at the ball

Colonel on the parade ground

Beautiful, stately , high, fresh.

WITH white mustache, white sideburns, with sparkling eyes,

a joyful smile,

with a wide chest,

strong shoulders,

long slender legs,

he was built beautifully

He walked... drawing air into himself, puffing out his cheeks, and slowly released it through his protruding lip;

frowning menacingly and viciously,

high military man in an overcoat and cap.

He walked with a firm, trembling gait,

rosy face and white mustache And whiskers .

Moved with a firm step high , stately figure.

What, is the colonel double-minded? At the ball he is depicted wearing a mask, and after the ball in his true light, without a mask ?

However, Tolstoy uses not only reception of contrast, but also comparisons

Glove

33 pp. According to the laws of noble honor, before the dance, pull a suede glove on right hand, take out " w pagu from a sword belt.”

Sincere at the ball?

P. 38. Why is it mentioned in the 2nd scene glove ?

And, if the opportunity arises, strike the offending soldier with this suede-gloved hand.

The contrast intensifies.

• Why does Pyotr Vladislavovich pretend that he did not recognize Ivan Vasilyevich and hastily turn away?
• Does this diminish his guilt?

Contrast in the system of images

Colonel

What conclusions about the colonel’s mental qualities do observations of his attitude towards his daughter at the ball suggest?

What qualities of his nature are revealed in the scene on the parade ground?

What is the root of these contradictions, according to Tolstoy?

Ivan Vasilievich

How does Ivan Vasilyevich appear in the characteristics of his interlocutors?

What role did “chance” play in Ivan Vasilyevich’s life?

How does the hero characterize his decision not to serve in military service and not to serve anywhere?

Conclusion

What do you see as the critical power of the story?

In the original editions, the story had the following titles: “Daughter and Father,” “And You Say.” Why did the writer prefer the title “After the Ball?”

Composition is a way of expressing an idea.

• In contrast, we saw the contradictions between the carefree life of the “upper” and the lack of rights of the “lower”
• Tolstoy shows a bizarre combination of good and evil vices in the colonel’s soul, condemns cruelty, but also exposes objective social conditions, distorting human nature, instilling in him false concepts of duty.

Good

Bad

He was ashamed, he felt horror

Humiliation of human dignity

Didn't stand up But why?

Shame for my tenderness,

“What do you think, what did I decide then…”

for your love,

I blamed myself only for not knowing something, not enough, I spent my whole life trying to understand it

for being a man who knows no evil

Ivan Vasilievich

1. Why did Ivan Vasilievich refuse civil service? Was he right, in your opinion?

2. Did the narrator understand the reasons for the contradictions in the colonel’s character?

3. Why did Ivan Vasilyevich’s love for Varenka fail?

Why is the story, most of which is devoted to depicting the ball, called “After the Ball”?

The events after the ball are a true reflection of reality, the truth of life, and not the feigned thing that usually happens at balls and other social events.

Conclusion

The contrasting depiction of the heroes, their psychological state, and the environment in which they act allows the writer to reveal the essence of their characters and at the same time expose the social contradictions in tsarist Russia.

Conclusion

The writer makes you think about the problem of human responsibility for the environment. It is precisely the awareness of this responsibility for the life of society that distinguishes Ivan Vasilyevich. A young man from a wealthy family, impressionable and enthusiastic, faced with terrible injustice, he dramatically changed his life path, abandoning any career. “I was so ashamed that, not knowing where to look, as if I had been caught in the most shameful act, I lowered my eyes and hurried to go home.” He dedicated his life to helping other people: “Say better: no matter how many people would be worthless if you weren’t here.”

The meaning of the story “After the Ball”

If we look directly at the past, our present will also be revealed to us. If we just stop blinding our eyes with fictitious government benefits and benefits and look at the fact that one thing is important: the good and evil of people’s lives, everything will become clear to us. If we give real names to bonfires, tortures, scaffolds, brands, recruitment kits, then we will find a real name for prisons, forts, troops with a common military service, prosecutors, gendarmes.

If we don’t say: why commemorate? and let us not obscure the past human affairs with imaginary benefits for various fictions, we will understand what was done before, we will also understand what is being done now. (L.N. Tolstoy. Nikolai Palkin)

Lesson to consolidate knowledge.

Subject: "After the ball". Artistic originality story. Contrast as the main artistic device of the story

Lesson objectives:

Educational:

1. Show the features of the composition of the story “After the Ball.”

2. Introduce contrast as the main artistic device of the story.

3. Teach to see and understand the author’s position.

4. Understand the material covered and evaluate yourself.

Educational:

1.Develop cognitive interest in the literary word.

2.Develop imagination, associative and logical thinking.

3.Develop creative thinking, promote creative self-realization of students.

Educational:

1. Develop the ability to listen and hear carefully.

2.Draw the attention of students to the problem of spirituality.

2.Educate moral qualities Personality: mercy, respect for people, kindness.

Working methods: testing, analytical conversation, expressive reading, elements of debate, retelling, analysis literary work. Differentiated work with students.

Materials for the lesson:

1. Test.

2.Work cards

3. Score sheets.

4. Colored answer cards.

5. Texts of the work.

6..Multimedia technology.

During the classes.

1.Introduction. Reflection of mood.

Teacher's words: Music:

Late evening. The room is in twilight. There is deep silence in the house, everyone around is sleeping, and only the great worker Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy cannot tear himself away from work, which is now the main work of his life. He wants the truth, understood by him, to become available to all people. Tolstoy here looks like a wise and majestic prophet, a strict judge and teacher of life. An invisible candle brightly illuminates the writer’s face, the light silvers his gray hair, and this creates a feeling of clarity of thought, inner peace and gentle humanity.

What does Tolstoy write there? What truths does he want to convey to us?

At the last lesson, we watched excerpts from a film about Leo Tolstoy, talked about his work and biography, and began reading the story “After the Ball.” Today we are working on composition, structure, artistic features story. The topic of the lesson is “After the ball.” The artistic originality of the story. Contrast as the main artistic device of the story

To immerse yourself in the atmosphere of the lesson, let's remember the main milestones of Tolstoy's life, which will help us in understanding the story.

Each of you has a work card and a score sheet. Today in class you evaluate yourself. You mark all your answers on this assessment sheet in certain columns.

2.Updating basic knowledge.

The first task, as I already said, is to update knowledge about the writer. Today you work throughout the lesson in groups. You have a couple of minutes to think and write on the work cards - what important information about L.N. Tolstoy will be useful to us today. Discuss your answer and write it down necessary information in the work card.

Let's check. Which group wants to respond? Let's listen and add. Don't forget to mark your answers on the score sheet.

(Children's expected answers:

Lived all his life in Yasnaya Polyana, left the estate only for a few years when he served in the Caucasus;

all his life he followed the path of self-knowledge, analyzed his actions, tried to understand why people act this way and not otherwise;

paid special attention to history, and over the years came to a philosophical understanding of it;

The peasants respected him very much, the poor always came to his house, he was always ready to help everyone. He was very close to the people. He himself took part in peasant labor (plowed the land, planted gardens);

While serving in the army, he believed that a soldier was on equal terms with an officer. In the face of death, everyone is equal;

the incident in the story is based on real events. This happened to his older brother Sergei Nikolaevich Tolstoy.)

The groups were preparing for today different material and today in class each group will present their prepared answers. In addition, during the lesson the groups will work not only differentiated, receiving different tasks, but also all together - in the so-called co-creation, when it comes to in-depth analysis of the text.

I named these groups:

historians,

creative writers,

literary scholars,

philosophers.

A group of historians prepared material for us about Tolstoy’s personal impressions of serving in the army.

1 student talks about the participation of L.N. Tolstoy in Crimean War(after the student’s answer, an additional question from the teacher:

What attitude could a young officer have towards a simple soldier if this soldier next to him heroically defended the surrounded city?)

Student 2 prepared a message on the topic “Leo Tolstoy – a fighter for justice.” (after the student’s answer, an additional question from the teacher:

Why couldn’t Leo Tolstoy stay away from the unfair treatment of the common soldier?)

In the 19th century, soldier was almost a dirty word. Let's listen short excerpt from the writer’s diary journalistic writings about how a soldier was characterized in the 19th century. The excerpt was prepared by a group of literary scholars.

The student expressively reads an excerpt from the journalistic works of L.N. Tolstoy

(Student message:

Soldier is a dirty word in the mouths of our people, a soldier is a creature driven only by bodily suffering. A soldier is a rude creature, coarsening even more in the sphere of deprivation, labor and lack of foundations of education, knowledge of the form of government, the causes of war and all human feelings. According to the law, a soldier has only what is strictly necessary, but in reality it is less than for a man of strong build to die - the weak die from hunger and cold. The punishment of a soldier for the slightest offense is a painful death, the highest reward is a distinction that gives him the right, inherent in man, not to be beaten at will by everyone. This is who is the defender of our fatherland.

The spirit of oppression is so widespread in our army that cruelty is a quality that the youngest officers boast about. They mark the soldiers, beat them every minute, and the soldier does not respect himself, hates his superiors, and the officer does not respect the soldier.

In the 1820s, the Semyonov officers, the flower of the youth of that time, decided not to use corporal punishment in their regiment, and, despite the then strict requirements of front-line service, the regiment continued to be exemplary even without the use of corporal punishment...

This is how educated Russians viewed corporal punishment 75 years ago. And now for 75 years, and in our time, the grandchildren of these people sit as zemstvo leaders in the presence and calmly discuss questions about whether they should or should not, and how many blows with rods should be given to such and such an adult, sometimes a grandfather.

The most advanced of these grandchildren in committees and zemstvo assemblies draw up statements, addresses and petitions that, for hygienic and pedagogical purposes, not all men (people of the peasant class) should be flogged, but only those who have not completed their course in public schools...

...But this is not the main harm of this disgrace. The main harm is in state of mind those people who establish, permit, ordain this lawlessness, those who use it as a threat, and all those who live in the conviction that such a violation of all justice and humanity is necessary for good, right life. What terrible moral crippling must occur in the minds and hearts of such people, often young, who, I myself have heard, with an air of thoughtful practical wisdom say that a peasant cannot help but be flogged and that it is better for the peasant.

It’s these people that I feel most sorry for for the brutality into which they have fallen and in which they will remain stuck... It’s a shame! 1905 (From the journalistic works of L.N. Tolstoy).

My question is addressed to creative writers. Is it just the story that happened with brother L.N. Tolstoy, which we talked about in the last lesson, formed the basis of the story “After the Ball”? (student answer)

Testing knowledge of the content of the text.

It's time for us to move on to analyzing the story. Using the test, we will remember its content and restore the material about the story that we covered in the last lesson. Before you are the test questions, we underline the answers or circle them on the work card.

TEST for knowledge of the text

1. Genre of the work:

A) essay

B) story

B) story

2. Theme of the work:

a) a story about the love of Ivan Vasilyevich;

b) a story about a colonel;

c) showing Nikolaev Russia.

3. It helps to reveal the idea of ​​a work:

A) antithesis

B) hyperbole

B) personification

4. Why did the colonel, attentive and sensitive at the ball, turn out to be cruel and heartless after the ball?

B) put on a “mask” of integrity at the ball

C) the colonel performs his duties

5. The work makes you think about:

a) the fate of the colonel;

b) personal responsibility of a person for the life of society;

c) the love of Ivan Vasilyevich.

In addition to my test questions, a group of creative writers prepared a mini-game for a couple of minutes. The questions also concern the content. But your task is simply to pick up the desired card. If you agree with the statement - red, if you disagree - green.

(Prepared test game:

1. Ivan Vasilyevich’s whole life changed from one night.

2. The story “After the Ball” is set in the last day of Maslenitsa.

3. The colonel and his daughter danced all evening.

4. Varenka’s father always did everything according to the law.

5. Pyotr Vladislavovich refused to stay for dinner because he was very tired.

6. Spitzrutens are sticks or rods for whipping, which were used to beat those being punished.

7. Ivan Vasilyevich’s love still did not wane after seeing the soldier’s punishment.

8. The type of composition of the work “After the Ball” is a story within a story.

9. Main idea story idea personal responsibility of a person for what is happening.

10. The composition of the work is based on the technique of contrast.

Work with text.

- In the text we had a question about genre. Let's talk about this a little more. Literary critics, the floor is yours. Try to prove that the genre of the work is a story.

(Suggested student answer:

Before us is a story and we found the following signs of this genre:

prose work;

small in volume;

it tells about two events in the hero’s life;

a small amount of characters).

Creative writers, name all the characters (Varenka, colonel, Ivan Vasilyevich, punished)

Literary scholars, what interesting things did you notice in the composition of the story?

A story within a story

A writer to the extent of this small work was able to show one of the terrible sides of life in the era of NicholasI

Yes indeed! Tolstoy paints us the era of the 40s. 19th century. For the use of Nikolai's spitzrutensIcalled Nikolai Palkin. Historians, you have the floor.

(The guys talk about what execution is and about the punishment of soldiers.

During the reign of Emperor Nicholas I Russian army there was the most severe cane discipline. Execution was the name of a terrible punishment common in the first half of the nineteenth century in the army during the reign of NicholasI .

The soldier was driven through the ranks and beaten with rods or sticks. "It's not a week

passed so that a person or two from the regiment would not be beaten to death. Nowadays it’s no longer

they know what sticks are, but then this word never left my mouth. Sticks, sticks!.. We have

and the soldiers nicknamed Nikolai Palkin. Nikolai Pavlych, and they say Nikolai

Palkin. That’s how the nickname came to him,” recalls the old 95-year-old soldier, hero

Tolstoy's articles "Nikolai Palkin") .

Unknown words: execution and spitzrutens - we will write them down in the dictionaries in your work cards.

Execution - corporal punishment.

Spitsruten (German from Spitze tip, and Ruthe rod). Long flexible rods made of wicker, which were used to strike the punished person, driven through the gauntlet (in Russian state 1701-1863).

Philosophers, why do you think Tolstoy turns to the 40s, although the story itself was written in 1903? Try to answer the question.

(Tolstoy turns to the events of 75 years ago to show that during this time almost nothing has changed: blatant arbitrariness and cruelty reign in the army, justice and humanity are violated at every step. What worried Tolstoy most of all was that educated people believed that this was necessary for a “good and correct” life).

What is unusual about the structure of the story? (the story is based on the contrast of 2 events from the hero’s life)

Reading and analyzing text.

What is contrast? (opposition)

In the last lesson, we talked about the plan for constructing a story. What events are built on contrast? (ball and punishment scene)

The first scene of the ball. Look at the screen. Father and daughter are dancing. What do we see? The rustle of dresses, bright colors... To better understand the atmosphere that reigned at the ball, let's read expressively:

(1 student reads the ball scene)

In order to show the contrast, let’s immediately listen to the scene of the soldier’s punishment. Pay attention to the screen. In what colors does the picture of a soldier’s punishment appear before us? Let's listen. (2nd student reads the punishment scene)

In order to show the contrast, we need to do a fairly deep analysis of the text: namely, the scenes of the ball and after the ball. In your work card you have a table. Now all groups are working on the same task. The so-called co-creation. We are all in the role of researchers.

- When filling out tables, you can use not only words, but also expressions that help to most fully identify the essence of what is happening. Not only the text of the story, but also the illustrations will help us in this work.

Children work (5 min).

(Approximate expected completion of the table:

Something black and terrible was approaching me; something motley, wet, red, unnatural, that I did not believe that it was a human body.

Appearance of the main character of the episode (Varenka/Soldier)

Shining, affectionate, sweet eyes, a flushed face with dimples, a joyful smile; laughed, danced; admired, admired.

A stumbling, writhing man; the person being punished turned his face, wrinkled with suffering; he did not speak, but sobbed: “Brothers, have mercy.”

Sounds, character of music

The ball was wonderful; famous musicians; Mazurka, quadrille, waltz.

There was some other, hard, bad music, the beating of drums.

Psychological condition narrator

1) I was not only cheerful and contented, I was happy, blissful, I was kind, I was not me, but some unearthly creature, knowing no evil, capable of only good;

2) I not only admired them, but looked at them with rapturous emotion;

3) At that time I embraced the whole world with my love; At that time I felt some kind of enthusiastic and tender feeling (for her father);

4)Endlessly happy.

There was an almost physical melancholy in my heart, reaching the point of nausea, such that I stopped several times, and it seemed to me that I was about to vomit with all the horror that entered me from this sight; But as soon as he began to fall asleep, he heard and saw everything again and jumped up.

Description of the Colonel

Tall, stately, handsome, fresh, ruddy face, with a curled mustache, a joyful smile, protruding chest, a loving, attentive father.

A stately figure moved next to the punished; The self-confident, angry voice of the colonel shouting: “Are you going to smear? Will you? A ruthless, cruel colonel, confident in his rightness

- We need to do one more little text analysis. Each group now has its own task, which you are given 4-5 minutes to complete. All tasks are on work cards.Literary scholars , you need to find the figurative and expressive means used by the author of the work and show the purpose of their use.

(children's expected answer:

Tolstoy uses syntactic means: repetition and parallel phrase structure. He conveys the callousness, duration and horror of what was happening by repeating the same words: “blows still fell from both sides on the stumbling, writhing man, and the drums still beat and the flute whistled, and the tall, stately woman still moved with a firm step.” the figure of a colonel next to the punished man

This technique is also present in the first part: it conveys a feeling of infinity of happiness: “I waltzed again and again,” “once again I chose her, and we walked along the hall for the hundredth time.” The word "yet" is enhanced by the French "encore".

A huge number of epithets:

Graceful, affectionate, lovely, shining, blushed, beautiful, tall, stately, fresh, affectionate, joyful, brilliant.

Cruel, bad music, unpleasant, scary, wrinkled with suffering, writhing, firm step, frightened, menacing, angry, angry)

Creative writers , show the contrast in the portrait characteristics of the heroes - the colonel and the soldier.

(children's expected answer:

Portrait characteristics heroes.

A man stripped to the waist, tied to the guns of two soldiers. His back is something motley, wet...

Ruddy face and white mustache with sideburns

Face wrinkled with suffering

Walked with a firm, bouncing gait

Twitching with their whole body, slapping their feet on the melted snow... they pushed...

A tall, stately figure moved with a firm step

Walks, stumbling and writhing in pain

Historians , if you had to draw illustrations for the story, what colors and paints would you use to depict the scenes of the ball and after the ball.

Philosophers, how would you comment on the quote?

“I renounced the life of our circle, recognizing that this is not life, but only a semblance of life, that the conditions of excess in which we live deprive us of the opportunity to understand life, and that in order to understand life, I must understand life not exceptions, not us, but life common people» L.N. Tolstoy.

Conversation.

Positional discussion: “Images of the colonel and the narrator.”

So, we have come to the point where we need to draw conclusions from all our observations.

What did the contrast help convey?

Shows the contrast of events. The bright, joyful colors of the ball in Part 1 and the carefree fun of young people sharply set off the gloomy picture of Part 2.

The contrasting depiction of the mood helped convey the turning point in the narrator’s soul.

What conclusions can be drawn from these observations?

The episode of the ball and the events after the ball are contrasted with each other. A contrasting image of characters, circumstances, and events is an important technique for comprehending the idea of ​​a story.

These episodes are organically connected with each other. The contrast helped show the turning point in the hero’s soul. The mask is torn off from the outwardly prosperous, elegant reality.

The more festive and luxurious the hero imagined the world to be at the beginning, the more unexpected, tragic, and bitter his insight turned out to be.

Now let's take a closer look at the narrator on whose behalf the story is told. What kind of person is this, what problems bother him, what does he think about? Why does the author “trust” the story about the event to Ivan Vasilyevich?

A thinking person, reflecting on life. The hero is concerned about moral and social problems. A person who is not indifferent, with a conscience. The author’s attitude towards the narrator is expressed by a direct assessment of one of the listeners: “Well, we know how good you are... No matter how many people would be no good if you were not there.”

Why didn’t Ivan Vasilyevich intervene in what was happening?

He cannot imagine that a bad, evil, disgusting thing would be done with such ease and confidence without a serious reason: “... they knew something that I did not know.”

What did the incident with the soldier make Ivan Vasilyevich think about? What was he “trying to find out” about?

It is important for the hero to know what moral principles society, the criteria for assessing good and evil, what the army is based on, of which he dreamed of being an officer.

Public morals, based on cruelty and violence, contradicts the moral ideas of Ivan Vasilyevich.

How did Ivan Vasilyevich’s life change after the incident with the Tatar?

He abandoned his military career. The hero chooses the path of “non-participation in lies” and cruelty. This is the path of moral self-improvement, internal opposition to social evil. And the hero’s love began to wane.

What conclusion can be drawn about the hero?

Hero, giving up military career, lived his life in accordance with his conscience, instructing his neighbors on the path of good. Not personal happiness, love, but the search for truth and goodness is the meaning of his life.

Many critics see the basis of the conflict in this story in the depiction of the colonel's double-mindedness. In their opinion, the colonel at the ball (in the semi-darkness of the hall) is depicted in a mask, and after the ball (morning) in the true light. Do you think this is true? Here you can argue:

The colonel is convinced that “everything must be done according to the law.” He is the way the narrator portrayed him: sincere in his relationship with his daughter, amiable with people of a certain circle. Maybe somewhere in the depths of his soul, while performing his duty, he has a feeling of pity for the unfortunate person, humiliated man. Or maybe, as an old military servant, he is accustomed to such torture, so he does not understand why, but he knows that it is so necessary: ​​“Everything is according to the law.”

We know from the text how he, probably ashamed, pretends that he does not recognize Ivan Vasilyevich. But this does not relieve him of guilt, but only to some extent explains the motives of his actions.

Comparison of story editions

We talked about how the ending of the story was changed. Listen to the rough and final version.

Why did Tolstoy change the ending of the story?

And without knowing, I could not enter military service, as he wanted before, and not only did not serve in the military, but he did not serve anywhere and, as you can see, was no good.”

Summing up the lesson.

We took a trip to the 19th century. We plunged into the language of Leo Tolstoy. We observed how masterfully the author used contrast as an artistic device in creating bright portraits, in the figurative characterization of actions and the transmission of the subtlest emotional experiences of the characters. Later, in higher grades, you will get acquainted with other great works of Tolstoy and see that the ideas of humanism, humanity, conscience, and justice run like a red thread through all of his work.

Groups, ask each other questions about the lesson.

(suggested questions:

- What technique is the basis of the story? ? (contrast)

- What did the contrast help us see in the text? (pictures of good and evil in real world)

-What does this story make you think about? What L. Tolstoy wanted to convey to us with this story ?

(The story makes us think about a person’s responsibility for life in society. A person is responsible for everything that happens in the world. We must love each other, understand, do good)).

The work cards indicate homework. Let's see. Let's discuss it. You choose the task yourself.

Imagine that Ivan Vasilyevich decided to write a letter to Varenka. Write a letter in 1st person.

Showcase the story “After the Ball” using color.

Imagine that you are deputies and are promoting to the Duma new project: a set of moral laws. Write 3-4 laws, preferably in tune with the lesson.

Write down epithets for words

S P

Oh Oh

L L

D K

A O

T V

For example, S – weak, suffering O – offended

5) Compose a letter from a soldier from the distant past (or a letter to a soldier)

Let's conclude:

Tolstoy's story shows not only the good and cruel principles of man, but also social injustice, reigning around. The writer raises the problem of a person’s responsibility for everything that happens in his life.

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