Arguments for writing the Unified State Examination. The problem of historical memory (Great Patriotic War)

In this text, V. Astafiev raises an important moral problem, the problem of memory of the war.

The writer talks about the trepidation and caution with which his friend and he himself treat the memory of “the greatest thing that happened in our lives.” The author condemns those who “earn their position and build a career by talking about war,” and cites the example of his friend, a participant in the war, who for a long time I did not dare to write about my experience, because “one cannot waste holy words in vain.”

V. Astafiev believes that the memory of fallen friends can be insulted by an awkward word, clumsy thoughts, “therefore, lying about the war, writing poorly about the suffering of the people is shameful.”

The poet Konstantin Simonov, who during the war years worked as a correspondent for the Krasnaya Zvezda newspaper and was constantly in the active army, dedicated vivid lines to the problem of memory:

Don't forget about the soldiers

That they fought

with all his might,

They moaned in bandages in the medical battalions

And so they hoped for peace!

I am sure that none of those soldiers about whom K. Simonov wrote will ever be forgotten, and their feat will forever remain in the memory of posterity.

The problem of memory of the war also arises in modern cinema. Not so long ago, Ivan Shurkhovetsky’s science fiction film “Fog” was released. The main characters are young soldiers of the 21st century, who were making a forced march and decided to take a shortcut, find themselves in a strong fog and, emerging from it, find themselves in 1941, in the midst of the war. Having returned to their time, young people understand how important the memory of those terrible days.

Thus, I can say with confidence: the memory of the war will forever remain in human hearts, we will always honor those who won a great Victory for the world.

P. S. Based on the collection by N. A. Senina 2013, pp. 322-323

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During the classes

I. Teacher's opening speech.

The history of mankind is, unfortunately, the history of wars, large and small. Kulikovo Field, Borodino, Kursk Bulge... Russian land, watered with the blood of Russian people. From time immemorial, Russian people have fulfilled their duty to protect native land. And in the 20th century this share did not pass our country. The most brutal and bloody war in the history of mankind came to our land on June 22, 1941.

Why is this year significant for our country?

Yes, 65 years have passed since the end of the Great Patriotic War. Why do many writers continue to talk about it? Vasil Bykov: “Because that feat, the memory of it, no matter how much time passes, will not cool down in our hearts.” Vladimir Vysotsky:

And when it thunders, when it burns out and pays off,
And when our horses get tired of galloping under us,
And when our girls change their overcoats to dresses,
I wouldn’t forget then, I wouldn’t forgive and I wouldn’t lose.

War is an event that had to not only be experienced, but also comprehended. And therefore, again and again, writers and poets take up their pens and talk about the lessons of the Great Patriotic War.

Yes, we did everything we could,
Who could, as much as he could and how he could.
And we were the burning sun,
And we walked along hundreds of roads.
Yes, everyone was wounded, shell-shocked,
And every fourth person was killed.
And personally The Fatherland needs,
And personally will not be forgotten, - poet Boris Slutsky speaks on behalf of the front-line soldiers.

Please think about the last line of this poem: And personally will not be forgotten, which echoes the well-known words of R. Rozhdestvensky: No one is forgotten and nothing is forgotten.

Is it so?

II. Statement of a problematic question.

Yes, we are accustomed to ceremonial television broadcasts from Red Square on Victory Day about the ceremonial laying of wreaths at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. For the 50th anniversary of the Victory, a memorial was erected at Poklonnaya Hill, and everyone who comes here is greeted by the ringing of bells and the call: “Let us bow to those great years...” And every year you and I come to our village square to the obelisk in honor of the Sosvintsy participants of the Great Patriotic War, and every year we participate in the Memory Watch at our place in the village and at post No. 1 in Yekaterinburg. We have a Museum of Military Glory at our school.

So we can say that, yes, indeed, “no one is forgotten, and nothing is forgotten”? Or is it different?

I invite you today to a conversation about memory.

What does it mean to remember? How should you remember?

Let's turn to the epigraph to the lesson. These are the words of R. Rozhdestvensky from his poem “Requiem”:

This is not what the dead need!
This is necessary alive!

Do we, living 65 years after the Great Victory, need to remember those years?

And our contemporaries will help us figure this out: the poet Andrei Voznesensky and the writer Boris Vasiliev. Their works: the poem “Ditch” and the story “Exhibit No...” are devoted to the theme of memory.

III. IOZ – message about writers (Natasha N. and Renat N.)

IV. Conversation on the poem by A. Voznesensky “Ditch”.

Natasha N. said that reading the works of A. Voznesensky is not easy, he has an original style of writing. Did you feel it? Is what you read a poem? What does the poet himself write about this? (“Is what I’m writing a poem? A cycle of poems? That’s what interests me least of all...”)

But a completely different question occupies him. And it doesn’t just occupy you, it doesn’t give you the strength to remain silent. He could only scream. And this poem is a cry, a poem is pain, a poem is an accusation, the indignant feeling of the poet.

What excited the poet so much that it was the reason for writing the poem “Ditch”? (students' answers).

The poet was shocked by this incident. And it made me think about a lot of things. Read the lines that convey the poet's indignation.

What name does Andrei Voznesensky give to this disease? What do you call people who do evil?
(IOP - vocabulary work– interpretation of the word “greed”, Natasha Yu.)
The poet is trying to get to the reasons, to the deep roots of this disease. He sees his task as follows: “The more evil I collect on the pages,” he assures, “the less of it will remain in life.”

What does the poet see as the reason for the sacrilege being committed? Is the criminal or spiritual process the main thing for him? (chapter “Sin”)

What he learned and saw there, near Simferopol, forces the poet to look at everything that is happening in a new way, to feel more strongly the full weight of responsibility for the environment. This is how the chapter “Lake” appears in the poem.

What is its semantic load? How is it connected to the main events of the poem?
The environment is scary
The ecology of the spirit is worse!(chapter “Introduction”)
Thus, the main thing for the poet is the ecology of the spirit, not nature. The poet concludes: main reason crime - in the lack of spirituality of people, in the absence of serious mental work, the work of the soul, in the oblivion of moral principles.

But there are real people, those who do not blame time for all sins, but take responsibility for themselves! This can be seen from the chapters dedicated to Chernobyl: “Man” and “Hospital”. Here we are talking about real heroes who showed courage, heroism, and the best human qualities during...

The poet’s words sound like a refrain: “Because he is a man!”
Many of these people will die. But this is another question: which of them is deader? The new snouts digging up corpses near Simferopol are the dead themselves. Spiritually, morally, and not physically decayed.

And there is an eternal dispute, an eternal battle between good and evil, light and darkness, between the living and the dead. (expressive reading of the chapter “Fight”)

In that main meaning the poem, the reason for which it was written. Even through the darkest pictures, through the mood of hopelessness and painful disgust, a bright, pure feeling of hope shines through in the poem. The poet hopes that the very concept of “greed” will disappear (chap. “Epilogue”)

How do we imagine the poet himself, his civil position?

So, A. Voznesensky told us about an incredible, stunning, out-of-the-ordinary case. And in B. Vasiliev’s story “Exhibit No...” we are talking about more ordinary things that can happen to us.

V. Conversation based on the story by Boris Vasiliev “Exhibit No...”.

Judging by B. Vasiliev’s works about the war, we are sure that the writer reverently treats the memory of the war. He wants us, the readers, to know about the heroic deeds of people during the war and to honor their memory. It is for this purpose that Military Museums are created and exist. military glory. There is such a Museum in our school. It is clear that in order to create a new or update an old exhibition, it is necessary to contact veterans and their relatives with a request to transfer some documents or things to the museum. Seems like a good deal...

Why does the writer B. Vasiliev rebel against this in the story “Exhibit No...” What is he indignant about?

Conversation on questions:

Tell us about the life of a Moscow communal apartment during the war.
What were her son’s letters for Anna Fedotovna? How were letters different from a funeral?
- Analysis of the episode “At the TV” (according to plan).
- Expressive reading by heart A. Dementyev’s poem “The Ballad of the Mother”.
Describe the actions of the children who came to Anna Fedotovna.
How did Anna Fedotovna’s life change after the letters were stolen?
How was the writer able to show the incommensurability of the mother’s grief and memory with the next event held at school?
What does Boris Vasiliev’s story teach? How should you remember?

Thus, we are convinced that the problem of memory of the war is not so simple. And if at the beginning of the lesson we named the facts indicating that our people honor veterans and remember them, now we will try to list the negative aspects in our attitude towards them. (“novoryly” are digging ditches where those executed were buried; in areas occupied during the war, there are still many unburied remains of our soldiers; a regimental banner was found at the Trinity landfill near Moscow; military orders and medals have become the subject of purchase and sale at flea markets; some youths light a cigarette Eternal Flame... And we remember veterans only on holidays).

Is it possible not to think about this? Don't worry about it? The main problem our society is not economic, not socio-political, not environmental problems, but the problem is moral. Spiritual poverty, a deadened conscience, a heart deaf to the pain of others—this is the cause of many of our troubles. The old wisdom says: “Do not cry for the dead - cry for those who have lost their soul and conscience.” It is memory that awakens our conscience and gives us no peace.

The theme of memory in modern literature very multifaceted. It affects many moral problems. This is the problem of forgetting the roots of one’s ancestors, the problem of loss of kindness, cordiality, conscience, etc. that is why these problems are raised again and again modern writers on the pages of their works.

Do you remember? Do you know about your relatives who participated in the Great Patriotic War?

VI. Speeches by Alena U. and Alexey K. about their relatives who died during the Great Patriotic War.

VII. Summing up the lesson.

So, let's summarize our conversation, answer the question that we identified at the beginning of the lesson: why do we need the memory of the war? How should you remember? (students' answers are heard).

We outlined the topic of the lesson with a line from A.T.’s poem. Tvardovsky: “Pain calls out to people.” Who will remind you of all the quatrains?

The war has passed, the suffering has passed,
But pain calls to people:
Come on people, never
Let's not forget about this!

So let’s remember “at what price happiness is won”, let’s treat the elderly people living next to us with care, let’s remember the war participants not only on the days of anniversary celebrations... And on the bright and bitter (“with tears in our eyes”) Victory Day Let us bow to their blessed memory!

(recording of A. Pakhmutova’s song “Let’s bow to those great years” sounds)

Homework: write an essay “What does it mean to remember?”

When they say “The Great Patriotic War,” a picture of battles and fierce battles appears before me; pain – physical from wounds, and mental, which torments people who lost their loved ones at that time. But what does war mean to modern society? How do they treat current people to veterans, to the memory of great battles and universal heroes? This is exactly what L. Matros makes the reader think about with his text.
Speaking about this problem, the author regretfully admits that the war years are fading into the distance from the memory of modern times and “in the external attributes Everyday life“Everything that reminds of her gradually disappears.” And he is right, because a new generation is growing up, which, alas, is not interested in “problems of the past”; they are much more interested in thinking about today. More and more often we are faced with a situation where modern generation The Great Patriotic War becomes just an echo from the past, which is mentioned in history textbooks. It’s not for nothing that Sailor considers the topic of victory especially relevant these days, because a great victory showed “how powerful and invincible the people of the Earth are when they are guided by the wisdom of finding ways to unite the forces of good and humanism against evil and misanthropy.”
I completely share the author’s view, his pain is close to me. I also believe that the topic of folk memory is very relevant at the present time, when in the world we are faced with big amount troubles. Based on this, I believe that it is impossible to educate a full-fledged person without teaching him to respect his ancestors and the history of the country
The Great Patriotic War created an entire poetic anthology of the era. The importance of people's memory has been emphasized more than once in the works of talented writers. In this way they showed us that these events are sacred for the entire people. We must remember those who died and treat veterans with respect.
Let us recall, at least, “Obelisk” by Vasil Bykov, where the feat of the teacher, shot by the Nazis, was not forgotten.
Also, for example, one can recall Kondratiev’s story “Sashka”.
When talking about this work, one cannot ignore such concepts as courage, honor, courage and bravery. It was these qualities that he possessed main character stories. Sashka. Although this hero is still very young, he takes his profession very seriously.
The events of those years leave no one indifferent. And it is very valuable that over time we do not turn into mankurt slaves from famous legend who do not remember their past.
The main thing is to remember the truly great words of A.S. Pushkin: “Respect for the past is the trait that distinguishes education from savagery.”

IN this material We focused the reader’s attention on the main problems raised in the texts on the Unified State Examination in the Russian language. Arguments illustrating these problems are found under the appropriate headings. You can also download a table with all these examples at the end of the article.

IN stories by V.G. Rasputin "Farewell to Matera" the author touches on a very important problem for the whole society of conservation natural heritage. The writer notes that without knowledge of the past it is impossible to build a worthy future. Nature is also memory, our history. Thus, the death of the island of Matera and the small village of the same name caused the loss of memory of wonderful days life in this area, its former inhabitants... Unfortunately, only the older generation, for example, the main character Daria Pinigina, understood that Matera is not just an island, it is a connection with the past, the memory of our ancestors. When Matera disappeared under the waters of the raging Angara, and the last inhabitant left this place, the memory died.
History of heroes science fiction story American writer Ray Bradbury "A Sound of Thunder" is also confirmation that nature is part of our general history. Nature, time and memory - all these concepts are intertwined together, and this is emphasized by the science fiction writer. The death of a small creature, a butterfly, caused the death of the future of the whole world. Intervention in life wildlife the prehistoric past was very costly for the inhabitants of planet Earth. Thus, the problem of preserving natural heritage in the story of Ray Bradbury "And a Sound of Thunder" is raised so that people think about the value environment, because it is inextricably linked with the history of mankind.

Preservation of cultural heritage

In the book of a Soviet and Russian philologist and culturologist D.S. Likhachev “Letters about the good and the beautiful” the problem of conservation is revealed cultural heritage. The author makes his readers think about what cultural monuments mean to people. Doctor of Philological Sciences reminds us that, unlike natural objects, architectural structures are not capable of self-healing. He encourages everyone to take an active part in preserving the memory frozen in clay and plaster. In his opinion, no one should reject the culture of the past, since it is the foundation of our future. This statement should convince every caring person to try to solve the problem of preserving cultural heritage posed by D.S. Likhachev.
IN novel by I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons" one of the main characters, Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov, is confident that culture is irreplaceable in people's lives. The author is trying to convey through this hero the idea of the importance of cultural heritage not only to the nihilist Evgeniy Bazarov, but also to all readers. Without the healing influence of art, Evgeny, for example, could not understand himself and realize in time that he was a romantic and also needed warmth and affection. It is the spiritual sphere that helps us to know ourselves, so we cannot deny it. Music, art, literature makes a person noble and morally beautiful, therefore it is necessary to take care of the preservation of cultural monuments.

Memory problem in family relationships

In the story by K.N. Paustovsky "Telegram" Nastya long years she forgot about her mother, did not come, did not visit. She justified herself by being busy every day, but no matter could compare in importance to her own mother. Story main character is given by the author as an edification to the reader: the care and love of parents should not be forgotten by children, because one day it will be too late to repay them in kind. This happened with Nastya. Only after the death of her mother did the girl realize that she had devoted very little time to the one who protected her sleep at the crib.
The words of parents and their instructions are sometimes remembered by children for many years and even for life. Yes, the main character stories by A.S. Pushkin " Captain's daughter» , Pyotr Grinev, very clearly understood for himself the simple truth of his father, “take care of your honor from a young age.” Thanks to his parents and their instructions, the hero never gave up, did not blame anyone for his problems, and accepted defeats with honor and dignity if life demanded it. The memory of his parents was something sacred for Pyotr Grinev. He respected their opinion, tried to justify their trust in himself, which later helped him become happy and free.

The problem of historical memory

In the novel by B. L. Vasiliev “Not on the lists” the main character had not yet had time to check in at the combat post when the bloody Second World War began World War. He put all his youth into defense Brest Fortress, during which everyone died. Even when left alone, he never ceased to terrify the invaders with his nightly forays. When Pluzhnikov was caught, the enemies saluted him, as the Soviet soldier amazed them with his courage. But the title of the novel tells us that many such nameless heroes were lost in the hustle and bustle of the days when they simply did not have time to be added to the next list. But how much have they, unrecognized and forgotten, done for us? In order for us to at least preserve this in our memory, the author dedicated an entire work to the feat of Nikolai Pluzhnikov, which thereby became a monument to military glory on a mass grave.
In Aldous Huxley's dystopia "O Wonderful new world» describes a society that denies its history. As we see, their ideal life, unclouded by memories, has become only a cloying and meaningless semblance real life. They have no feelings and emotions, family and marriage, friendship and other values that define personality. All new people are dummies, existing according to the laws of reflexes and instincts, primitive creatures. Against their background, the Savage stands out favorably, whose upbringing was built on connections with the achievements and defeats of past eras. That is why his individuality is undeniable. Only historical memory, expressed in the continuity of generations, allows us to develop harmoniously.